Contribution to the development of informatics presentation. Presentation on the topic: "Outstanding computer scientists." Presentation on the topic: Outstanding scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development and development of computer science

They changed the world

Informatics

Leonardo di Ser Piero da Vinci (1452 - 1519)

Italian artist and inventor

His works contain drawings of devices that produce mechanical calculations.

Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680)

• According to his drawings, a computer was built that could perform simple arithmetic, geometric and astronomical calculations. In addition, she could encrypt messages, calculate the dates of Easter, and also compose music. The instruction manual for this machine consisted of 850 pages, and the "algorithms" were verses in Latin that users had to memorize.

German encyclopedist and inventor

John Napier (1550-1617)

• came up with an original device for fast multiplication

(Sticks of Napier)

• went down in history as an inventor

wonderful

computing

tool - logarithms.

Slide rule

Scottish mathematician

Wilhelm Schickard (1592 - 1635)

German scientist, astronomer, mathematician

• Shikkard's computer contained a summing and multiplying device, as well as a mechanism for recording intermediate results.

and orientalist

"Counting hours"

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

French mathematician, mechanic, physicist, writer and philosopher.

• created the adding machine "Pascaline"

Wilhelm Leibniz(1646 - 1716)

• invented adding machine, which was based on the Leibniz wheel device.

Saxon philosopher, mathematician, physicist, lawyer, historian, diplomat, inventor and linguist.

Joseph Marie Jacquard(d) (1752-1834)

French inventor of the patterned loom

• Jacquard machine -

prime example of a car

with software control

created long ago

before the advent

computers.

Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

English mathematician

• Babbage is without a doubt the first author of the idea of ​​creating a computing machine, which today is called a computer.

Andrei Andreevich Markov (1856 - 1922)

Russian mathematician

• He created the theory of normal algorithms, laid the foundations for the theory of complexity of algorithms, proposed an original language for describing the operation of computers.

John von Neumann (1903 - 1957)

American mathematician

• dealt with issues related to game theory, automata theory, made a great contribution to the creation of the first computers and the development of methods for their application.

Konrad Zuse (1910 -1995)

• created the first working programmable computer (1941) and a high-level programming language (1948).

German engineer

• "The computer society recognized A. A. Lyapunov as the founder of Soviet cybernetics and programming."

Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich (1912-1986)

• The direct participation of L. V. Kantorovich in the development of computer technology is connected with the work on computational mathematics. He led the design of new computing devices, he owns a number of inventions in this area. Together with his students, he developed original principles of machine programming for numerical calculations.

Soviet mathematician and economist

• in 1948-1950, under his leadership, the first in the USSR and continental Europe, the Small Electronic Computing Machine (MESM), was developed.

Andrey Petrovich Ershov

• Founder of school informatics.

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Great scientists of computer science. Completed by: Pupil of the 7th "a" class of the MBOU secondary school of school No. 3 Zaitseva Veronika Checked by: Mymrina Irina Vyacheslavovna

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Wilhelm Schickard arrived in Tübingen in 1617 and soon became a professor of oriental languages ​​at the local university. At the same time, he corresponded with Kepler and a number of German, French, Italian and Dutch scientists on issues related to astronomy. Drawing attention to the outstanding mathematical abilities of the young scientist, Kepler recommended that he take up mathematics. Shikkard heeded this advice and achieved significant success in the new field. In 1631 he became professor of mathematics and astronomy. And five years later, Shikkard and members of his family died of cholera. The works of the scientist were forgotten.

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PASCAL (Pascal) Blaise (1623-62), one of the most famous people in the history of mankind, French mathematician, physicist, religious philosopher and writer. He formulated one of the main theorems of projective geometry. Works on arithmetic, number theory, algebra, probability theory. He designed (1641 - 1642) a summing machine. One of the founders of hydrostatics, established its basic law, named after him. A very religious man, adhered to the trend of Jansenism, from 1655 led a semi-monastic lifestyle. The controversy with the Jesuits was reflected in Letters to a Provincial (1656-57), a masterpiece of French satirical prose. In "Thoughts" (published in 1669), Pascal develops an idea of ​​the tragedy and fragility of a person who is between two abysses - infinity and insignificance (man is a "thinking reed"). He saw the way of comprehending the mysteries of being and saving man from despair in Christianity. He played a significant role in the formation of French classical prose.

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George Boole is considered to be the father of mathematical logic. Boole's scientific works reflected his conviction about the possibility of studying the properties of mathematical operations that are not necessarily performed on numbers. The scientist spoke about the symbolic method, which he applied both to the study of differentiation and integration, and to logical inference and to probabilistic reasoning. It was he who built one of the sections of formal logic in the form of a certain "algebra" similar to the algebra of numbers, but not reducible to it. Boole invented a kind of algebra (later called Boolean) - a system of notation and rules applicable to all kinds of objects, from numbers to sentences. Boole hoped that his system, by clearing logical arguments from verbal husks, would facilitate the search for the correct conclusion and make it always achievable. Most logicians of that time either ignored or sharply criticized Boole's system, but its possibilities turned out to be so great that it could not remain unattended for long. After some time, it became clear that Boole's system is well suited for describing electrical circuit switches. The American logician Charles Sanders Pierce was the first to realize this and applied the theory to describe electrical switching circuits.

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Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev was born on November 2, 1902 in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a teacher. Mother Anastasia Petrovna (nee Mavrina) left a rich noble estate to become a teacher at an educational institution for girls from poor families. Alexei Ivanovich Lebedev, Sergei's father, left an orphan at an early age, lived with his aunt in the countryside. At the age of nine he returned to his widowed mother in Kostroma, attended a parish school for two years. After that, for five years he worked as a clerk in the same weaving factory as his mother, and read a lot. Having become close to his peers, who were fond of the ideas of populism, he firmly decided to become a rural teacher. With five rubles accumulated over many months of work, he went to the Yaroslavl province to enroll in a school opened by Ushinsky for orphans. After graduating with honors from her teacher's institute, he began to teach in the village of Rodniki (now the city of Rodniki, Ivanovo region). In December 1890, together with other members of the underground People's Will organization, he was arrested and imprisoned for two years. After the release, the family moved to Nizhny Novgorod. Four children appeared one after another - Ekaterina, Tatyana, Sergey and Elena. During the revolution of 1905, A.I. Lebedev became one of the organizers of the Peasant Union, the provincial committee of which elected him chairman. His brochures "What to read to peasants and workers", "Dictionary of political terms" and others had almost a million copies. In the same years, A.I. Lebedev created numerous works on pedagogy. Four editions were published by his Primer, the Book for Reading in Rural Schools, The World in Pictures, etc., were popular.

Wilhelm Schickard

(1592 - 1635)

Computer history begins in 1623 when Wilhelm Schickard built mankind's first automatic calculator.
The Schickard gaming machine can perform basic arithmetic operations on integer inputs. His letters to Kepler, who discovered the laws of planetary motion, explain the application of his "calculation of hours" to the calculation of astronomical tables.
The non-programmable Schickard machine was based on the traditional decimal number system. Leibniz subsequently discovered a more convenient binary system (1679), an important element of the world's first work program- computer controlled, due to Zuse (1941).

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

(1646-1716)

Leibniz, sometimes called the last universal genius, invented at least two things that are important to modern world: bit-based calculus and binary arithmetic.

Modern physics, mathematics, engineering, would be unthinkable without the former: a fundamental method of working with infinitesimal numbers. Leibniz was the first to publish it. He developed it around 1673. In 1679 he perfected the notation for integration and differentiation that is still in use today.

Binary arithmetic based on the dual system he invented around 1679, and published in 1701. This became the basis of almost all modern computers.

Charles Babbage

British mathematician and inventor, author of works on the theory of functions, mechanization of counting in economics; foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1832). In 1833developed a project of a universal digital computer- A prototype of a computer. Babbage provided for the possibility of entering instructions into the machine using punched cards. However, this machine was not finished either, since the low level of technology of that time became the main obstacle to its creation. Charles Babbage is often called the "father of the computer" for his invention of the Analytical Engine, although its prototype was created many years after his death.

Lovelace Augusta Ada

A.Lovelace developed the first programs for Babbage's Analytical Engine, thereby setting theoretical basis programming. She first introduced the concept of a cycle of operation. In one of the notes, she expressed the main idea that the analytical engine can solve such problems, which, due to the difficulty of calculations, are almost impossible to solve manually. So for the first time the machine was considered not only as a mechanism that replaces a person, but also as a device capable of performing work that exceeds the capabilities of a person. Although Babbage's Analytical Engine was not built and Lovelace's programs were never debugged and did not work, however, a number of general provisions expressed by her retained their fundamental importance for modern programming. Today, A. Lovelace is rightfully called the first programmer in the world.

ALAN TURING
(1912-1954) Alan Mathison Turing reformulates Kurt Goedel's unprovability results in terms of Turing Machines (TMCs). Closely related to earlier work was done by Turing's adviser to Alonso Church. TMs subsequently became the most widely used abstract computing models. Universal TMs can emulate any other TM, or any other known computer.
During World War II, Turing helped (with Welchman) decipher the Nazi code. Some sources say that this work was decisive for the victory over the Third Reich.
Later, Turing proposed his famous test of whether a computer is sentient (more on The History of Artificial Intelligence). Computer science's most sought-after award bears his name: the Turing Award.

Kurt Gödel

(1906-1978)

In 1931, just a few years after Julius Lilienfeld patented the transistor, Kurt Gödel (or "Goedel", not "Godel") laidfundamentals of theoretical computer sciencewith his work on universal formal languages ​​and limits on proof and computation. It is constructed of formal systems allowing self-referential statements that speak about themselves, specifically about whether they can be derived from an enumerable given set of axioms using a computational theorem proving procedure. Gödel went on to construct statements that claim their own unprovability to demonstrate that traditional mathematics is either flawed in a certain algorithmic sense or contains unprovable but true statements.

Gödel's incompleteness result is widely regarded as the most remarkable achievement of 20th-century mathematics, although some mathematicians say it is logic rather than mathematics, and others call it the fundamental result of theoretical computer science (to reformulate Church & Post & Turing around 1936), a discipline that not yet officially in existence even then, but was actually created through Gödel's work. He had a huge impact not only on computer science, but also on philosophy and other fields.

John von Neumann
(12/28/1903, Budapest, - 2/8/1957, Washington)

American mathematician, member of the US National Academy of Sciences (1937). In 1926 he graduated from the University of Budapest. Since 1927 he taught at the University of Berlin, in 1930-33 - at Princeton University (USA), since 1933 professor at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. Since 1940 he has been a consultant to various army and naval institutions (N. took part, in particular, in the work on the creation of the first atomic bomb). Since 1954 he has been a member of the Atomic Energy Commission.
The main scientific works are devoted to functional analysis and its applications to the problems of classical and quantum mechanics. N. also belongs to research on mathematical logic and on the theory of topological groups. In the last years of his life, he was mainly engaged in the development of questions related to game theory, automata theory; made a great contribution to the creation of the first computers and the development of methods for their application. He is best known as the person who is associated with the architecture of most modern computers (the so-called von Neumann architecture)

Konrad Zuse
(June 22, 1910, Berlin - December 18, 1995, Hünfeld)

German engineer, computer pioneer. Best known as creator of the first truly working programmable computer(1941) and first high-level programming language (1945).
Engaged in the creation of a programmable calculating machine.

1935-1938 : Konrad Zuse builds the Z1, the world's first software-controlled computer. Despite a number of problems in mechanical engineering, it had all the main components of modern machine tools, using the binary system and today the standard separation of storage and control. Zuse's 1936 patent application (Z23139/GMD Nr. 005/021) also testifies to the von Neumann architecture (re-invented in 1945) with programs and data being modified during storage.

1941 A: Zuse completes Z3, the world's first fully functional programmable from a computer.

1945 : Zuse describes Plankalkuel, the world's first high-level programming language that incorporates many of the standard features of modern programming languages. FORTRAN came almost ten years later. Zuse also used Plankalkuel to design the world's first chess program.

1946 : Zuse founds the world's first computer startup company: Zuse-Ingenieurbüro Hopferau. Venture capital raised through ETH Zürich and IBM-option on Zuse patents.

In addition to general purpose computers, Zuse built several specialized computers. So, calculators S1 and S2 were used to determine the exact dimensions of parts in aviation technology. Machine S2, in addition to the calculator, also included measuring devices for measuring aircraft. The L1 computer, which remained in the form of an experimental model, was intended for Zuse to solve logical problems.

1967 : Zuse KG delivered 251 computers, worth about DM 100 million.

Kemeny John (Janos)

Mathematician, professor at Dartmouth College (USA). Together with Thomas Kurz developed the BASIC programming language and a network system for using multiple computers at the same time ("time sharing"). Together with his parents, he emigrated to the United States from Hungary in 1940. He graduated from Princeton University, where he studied mathematics and philosophy. In 1949 he defended his thesis, and in 1953 he was invited to Dartmouth. As dean of the Mathematics Department at Dartmouth College from 1955 to 1967, and even as president of the college (1970-1981), he did not leave teaching. He was one of the pioneers of teaching the basics of programming: he believed that this subject should be available to all students, regardless of their specialization.

Dijkstra Edsger Vibe
(May 11, 1930 - August 6, 2002)

An outstanding specialist in the field of theoretical programming, author of a number of books, including the classic monograph "Discipline of Programming". All his scientific activity was devoted to the development of methods for creating "correct" programs, the correctness of which can be proved by formal methods. Being one of the authors structured programming concepts, Dijkstra preached against using the GOTO instruction. In 1972, his scientific achievements were awarded the Turing Prize. At the presentation of the award, one of the speakers described Dijkstra's activities as follows: "This is a model of a scientist who programs without touching a computer, and does everything possible so that his students do the same and represent computer science as a branch of mathematics."

Ershov Andrey Petrovich
(April 19, 1931 - December 8, 1988)

Outstanding programmer and mathematician, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, author the world's first monograph on programming automation. Under the leadership of Ershov, some of the first domestic programming programs ("integrated developments" of the programming language and system) were developed. He formulated a number of general principles of programming as a new and original type of scientific activity, touched upon an aspect that would later be called user-friendliness, and was one of the first in the country to set the task of creating a programming technology. Became one of the founders of the so-called "school informatics" and the recognized leader of the domestic school informatics, became one of the world's leading experts in this field.

American inventor Douglas Engelbart of the Stanford Research Institute introduced world's first computer mouse in 1968 on December 9th.
Douglas Engelbart's invention was a wooden cube on wheels with a single button. The computer mouse owes its name to the wire - it reminded the inventor of the tail of a real mouse.
Later, Xerox became interested in Engelbart's idea. Its researchers changed the design of the mouse, and it became similar to the modern one. In the early 1970s, Xerox first introduced the mouse as part of a personal computer. It had three buttons, a ball and rollers instead of discs, and cost $400!
Today there are two types of computer mice: mechanical and optical. The latter are devoid of mechanical elements, and optical sensors are used to track the movement of the manipulator relative to the surface. Wireless mice are the latest in technology.

Niklaus Wirth
(February 15, 1934) Swiss engineer and researcher in the programming world. Author and one of the developers programming language Pascal. N. Wirth was one of the first who put into practice the principle of step-by-step refinement as a key to the systematic creation of programs. In addition to Pascal, he created other algorithmic languages ​​(including Modula-2 and Oberon). They are not well known to "production" programmers, but are widely used for theoretical research in the field of programming. Wirth is one of the world's most respected computer scientists, his book "Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs" is considered one of the classic textbooks on structured programming.

Bill Gates

(October 28, 1955)
American entrepreneur and developer in the field of electronic computing technology, founder of the world's leading software company Microsoft.
In 1980, Microsoft developed the MS-DOS operating system, which by the mid-1980s became the main operating system in the American microcomputer market. Gates then moved on to developing application programs such as Excel spreadsheets and Word, and by the late 1980s, Microsoft had become a leader in this area as well.
In 1986, by issuing shares of the company for free sale, Gates at the age of 31 became a billionaire. In 1990, the company introduced the Windows 3.0 shell, which replaced verbal commands with mouse-selectable icons, making the computer much easier to use. By the end of the 1990s, about 90% of all personal computers in the world have been equipped with Microsoft software. In 1997, Gates topped the list of the richest people in the world.

Paul Allen

American entrepreneur, co-founder of Microsoft Corporation, which he founded in 1975 with his school friend Bill Gates.

In 1975, Allen and Gates used the name "Micro-Soft" for the first time. In the source code of the BASIC language interpreter, created by them by order of MITS.

V joint business Paul Allen was engaged in technical ideas and advanced developments, negotiations, contracts and other business communication turned out to be closer to Gates. And yet, the friends solved the main issues together - sometimes, as Gates later admitted, the disputes continued for 6-8 hours in a row. For the joint brainchild of Allen and Gates, the finest hour came in 1980. It was then that IBM turned to the not-too-large and not yet very well-known company Microsoft with a proposal to adapt several programming languages ​​for use on the IBM PC, which was supposed to appear on the market in 1981. During the negotiations, it turned out that IBM representatives would not mind finding a contractor who would contract to develop an operating system for a new computer. Partners took up this work. However, Allen and Gates did not develop a new operating system. They knew that Tim Paterson, who worked at Seattle Compute Products, had already developed Q-DOS (Quick Disk Operating System) for 16-bit Intel processors by this time. The trick was that during the negotiations to acquire Q-DOS, in no case could it be made clear to the sellers that Allen and Gates already had a buyer for this system. Gates, as the main negotiator, had to work hard on this, but the combination worked out brilliantly. True, the system had to be reworked, because it had to work on 8-bit processors. In an effort to meet the deadline, they worked almost round the clock and, according to Allen himself, there was a day when they, together with Bill, sat at the computer for 36 hours in a row without stopping. For PC-DOS, the acquisition of which cost several tens of thousands of dollars, IBM immediately paid 6 thousand dollars, while, under the terms of the agreement signed by the parties, IBM undertook to sell computers only with PC-DOS, deducting interest from Microsoft from each piece of equipment sold.

Kaspersky Evgeny Valentinovich
(October 4, 1965)

Until 1991, he worked at a multidisciplinary research institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense. He began studying the phenomenon of computer viruses in October 1989, when the "Cascade" virus was discovered on his computer. From 1991 to 1997 he worked at the STC "KAMI", where, together with a group of like-minded people, he developed anti-virus project "AVP" (now - "Kaspersky Anti-Virus"). In 1997 Evgeny Kaspersky became one of the founders "Kaspersky Lab".
Today, Evgeny Kaspersky is one of the world's leading experts in the field of virus protection. He is the author of a large number of articles and reviews on the problem of computer virology, regularly speaks at specialized seminars and conferences in Russia and abroad. Evgeny Valentinovich Kaspersky is a member of the Computer Virus Research Organization (CARO), which brings together experts in this field.
Among the most significant and interesting achievements of Evgeniy Valentinovich and his "Laboratory" in 2001 are the opening of the annual Virus Bulletin conference - the central event in the anti-virus industry, as well as the successful opposition to all global virus epidemics that occurred in 2001.

Evgeny Roshal
(March 10, 1972, Chelyabinsk)

Russian programmer, author of the well-known FAR Manager file manager, RAR compression format, RAR and WinRAR archivers, especially popular in Russia and the countries of the former USSR.

Evgeny Roshal graduated from the Instrument-Making Department of the Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute with a degree in Computers, Complexes, Systems and Networks.

In the fall of 1993 he released the first public version of the RAR 1.3 archiver, in the fall of 1996 - FAR Manager. Later, with the growing popularity of Microsoft Windows, the WinRAR archiver for Windows was released. The name RAR stands for Roshal ARchiver.

Sergey Brin

Sergey Mikhailovich Brin was born in Moscow into a Jewish family of mathematicians who moved to the United States permanently in 1979 when he was 6 years old.
In 1993 he entered Stanford University in California, where he received a master's degree and began working on his dissertation. Already during his studies, he became interested in Internet technologies and search engines, became the author of several studies on extracting information from large arrays of textual and scientific data, and wrote a program for processing scientific texts.
In 1995, at Stanford University, Sergey Brin met another mathematics graduate student, Larry Page, with whom they founded Google in 1998. Initially, they argued vehemently when discussing any scientific topics, but then became friends and teamed up to create a search engine for their campus. Together they wrote the scientific work "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine", which is considered to contain the prototype of their future super-successful idea.
Brin and Page proved the validity of their idea on the university search engine google.stanford.edu, developing its mechanism in accordance with new principles. On September 14, 1997, the google.com domain was registered. Attempts to develop the idea and turn it into a business followed. Over time, the project left the walls of the university and managed to collect investments for further development.
The joint business grew, made a profit, and even showed enviable stability at the time of the dot-com collapse, when hundreds of other companies went bankrupt. In 2004, the names of the founders were named by Forbes magazine in the list of billionaires.

Andrew Tanenbaum

(March 16, 1944)
Professor at the Free University of Amsterdam, where he leads a group of computer system developers; He received his doctorate in physics from the University of California, Berkeley. Known as the author of Minix (a free Unix-like operating system for student labs), computer science books, and the RFID virus. He is also the main developer of the Amsterdam Compiler Kit. He himself considers his teaching activity the most important.
Andrew Tanenbaum was born in New York and raised in White Plains, New York. He received his bachelor's degree in physics from MIT in 1965 and his Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1971.
Later he moved with his family to the Netherlands, while retaining US citizenship. Andrew Tanenbaum teaches courses in organizing computers and operating systems and also holds a Ph. D. In 2009 received a grant of 2.5 million euros from the European Research Council for the development of MINIX.

Linus Torvalds
(December 28, 1969)
Creator of the world famous operating system. In early 1991, he began to write his own platform aimed at the average consumer, which could be distributed for free via the Internet. The new system was named Linux, derived from a combination of the name of its creator with the name UNIX. For ten years, Linux has become a real competitor to products manufactured by Microsoft, capable of pushing the company's monopoly in the system and server software market.
Thousands of "interested programmers", hackers, computer network specialists happily picked up Linus's idea and began to finish, finish, debug what Torvalds offered them. In almost ten years, Linux has gone from a toy of several hundred fans and enthusiasts, executing a couple of dozen commands in a primitive console, to a professional multi-user and multi-tasking 32-bit operating system with a windowed graphical interface, many times superior to Microsoft Windows in terms of its range of capabilities, stability and power. 95, 98 and NT and capable of running on virtually any modern IBM-compatible computer.
Today, Linux is a powerful UNIX-like platform that includes almost all the features and a whole range of its own features that are not found anywhere else. Due to its high performance and reliability, it has become one of the most popular platforms for organizing http servers.

Bjorn Stroustrup Bjarne Stroustrup

(June 11, 1950 (according to other sources, December 30), Aarhus, Denmark)
Author of the C++ programming language.
Graduated from the University of Aarhus (Denmark, 1975) in mathematics and computer science, defended his dissertation (Ph. D.) in computer science at Cambridge (1979).
Until 2002, he headed the department of research in the field of large-scale programming at AT&T (Computer Science Research Center of Bell Telephone Laboratories). Now a professor at the University of Texas, A&M.
Bjorn was born and raised in Aarhus, the second largest city in Denmark. He entered State University to the department of computer science. After graduating, he received a master's degree.
Bjorn Stroustrup received his PhD while working on distributed system design at the Cambridge University Computer Laboratory (England).

If you do not go beyond the "object-oriented" methods,

to stay within "good programming

and design”, then in the end something is necessarily obtained that

is basically meaningless.

Stroustrup Bjorn

Martin Fowler

Author of several books and articles on software architecture, object-oriented analysis and development, UML, refactoring, extreme programming.
Born in England, lived in London before moving to America in 1994. Currently lives in Boston, Massachusetts.
One of the books "Refactoring. Improving Existing Code": Martin Fowler et al shed light on the process of refactoring, describing the principles and best practices for its implementation, as well as indicating where and when to start in-depth study of the code in order to improve it.
At the heart of the book is a detailed list of over 70 refactoring methods, each of which describes the motivation and technique for field-proven code transformation with Java examples.
The methods discussed in the book allow you to gradually modify the code, making small changes each time, thereby reducing the risk associated with the development of the project.

Any fool can write a program they understand

compiler. Good programmers write programs

that other programmers can understand.

Fowler Martin

Sid Meyer

(February 24, 1954, Detroit)
American developer computer games. Graduate of Michigan State University. In 2002, he was inducted into the Computer Museum of America's Hall of Fame.
In 1991, MicroProse began selling a playable encyclopedia of historically recognizable Civilization images. In 1993, the large vertically integrated company Spectrum HoloByte, Inc. makes efforts to acquire MicroProse.
After the completion of legal procedures by 1994, Meyer and the new CEO of the company, Louis Gilman (Gilman Louie), there were some differences in questions regarding where, how and why to develop a joint gaming business.

"The game is a sequence

interesting choices"

Donald Ervin Knuth
(January 10, 1938)
American scientist, honorary professor at Stanford University and several other universities in different countries, foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, teacher and programming ideologist, author of 19 monographs (including a number of classic books on programming) and more than 160 articles, developer of several well-known software technologies.
The author of a world-famous series of books devoted to the basic algorithms and methods of computational mathematics, as well as the creator of desktop publishing systems TEX and METAFONT, designed for typesetting and typesetting books on technical topics (primarily physics and mathematics).
The work of Andrei Petrovich Ershov, later his friend, had a greater influence on the young Donald Knuth.
Professor Knuth has received numerous awards and prizes in the field of programming and computational mathematics, including the Turing Prize (1974), the US National Medal of Science (1979) and the AMS Steele Prize for a series of popular science articles, the Harvey Prize (1995), the Kyoto Prize ( 1996) for achievements in advanced technology, Grace Murray Hopper Award (1971).
At the end of February 2009, Knuth was the 20th most cited author in the CiteSeer project.

The best way to get to the bottom of something is Japanese free software developer, creator of a programming language ruby.
In inte In a review of Japan Inc., he said that he taught himself how to program before he graduated from high school.Graduated from the University of Tsukuba, where he did research on programming languages ​​and compilers.
Since 2006, he has been the head of research and development at Network Applied Communication Laboratory, a Japanese free software systems integrator.
Born in 1965 in Osaka Prefecture, he moved to Yonago City in Tottori Prefecture at the age of four, so he is often presented as a native of Yonago. He currently resides in Matsue City, Shimane Prefecture.
Yukihiro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and is a missionary. He is married and has four children.

I want the computer to be my servant

not a master, so I must be able to

quickly and effectively explain to him what to do.

Matsumoto Yukihiro

Steve Jobs

(February 24, 1955, San Francisco, California - October 5, 2011, Palo Alto, Santa Clara, California)

An American entrepreneur who is widely recognized as a pioneer of the IT era. One of the founders, chairman of the board of directors and Apple CEO . One of the founders and CEO of the Pixar film studio.
In the late 1970s, Steve and his friend Steve Wozniak developed one of the first personal computers with great commercial potential. Computer Apple II became the first mass-produced Apple product, created at the initiative of Steve Jobs. Jobs later saw the commercial potential of a mouse-driven GUI, which led to the Apple Lisa computers and, a year later, Macintosh (Mac).
After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT - a company that developed a computer platform for universities and businesses. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm, turning it into Pixar. He remained Pixar's CEO and majority shareholder until the studio was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2006, making Jobs the largest private shareholder and member of Disney's board of directors.
Difficulties developing a new operating system for the Mac led to Apple's purchase of NeXT in 1996, to use NeXTSTEP as the basis for Mac OS X. As part of the deal, Jobs was given an advisory position to Apple. The deal was orchestrated by Jobs. By 1997, Jobs had regained control of Apple, heading the corporation. Under his leadership, the company was saved from bankruptcy and a year later began to make a profit. For the next decade, Jobs led the developmentiMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone and iPad, as well as the developmentApple Store, iTunes Store, App Store and iBookstore. The success of these products and services, which provided several years of stable financial profit, allowed Apple to become the most valuable public company in the world in 2011. Many commentators call Apple's revival one of the greatest accomplishments in business history. At the same time, Jobs was criticized for his authoritarian management style, aggressive actions towards competitors, the desire for total control over products even after they were sold to the buyer.

Jobs has received public recognition and a number of awards for his impact on the technology and music industries. He is often called a "visionary" and even "the father of the digital revolution". Jobs was a brilliant speaker and took innovative product presentations to the next level, turning them into exciting shows. His instantly recognizable figure in a black turtleneck, faded jeans and sneakers is surrounded by a cult following.

Leonardo da Vinci For over 300 years Blaise Pascal was believed to be the inventor of the first calculating machine. However, in 1967, two volumes of unpublished manuscripts of Leonardo da Vinci (), one of the titans of the Renaissance, an Italian painter, sculptor, architect, scientist and engineer, were found in the National Library of Madrid. Among the drawings, they found a sketch of a thirteen-bit adder with ten-tooth wheels. For advertising purposes, it was collected by the firm. However, in 1967, two volumes of unpublished 1BM manuscripts were found in the National Library of Madrid and it turned out to be quite workable.

Wilhelm Schickard Ten years earlier, in 1957, a previously unknown photocopy of a sketch of a counting device was discovered in the city library of Stuttgart, from which it followed that another design of a counting machine appeared at least 20 years earlier than the "Pascal wheel". It was possible to establish that this sketch is nothing more than the missing appendix to the previously published letter to J. Kepler from the professor of the University of Tübingen, Wilhelm Schickard (from), where Schickard, referring to the drawing, described the calculating machine he invented. The machine contained a summing and multiplying device, as well as a mechanism for recording intermediate results. In another letter (from) Schickard wrote that Kepler would be pleasantly surprised if he saw how the machine itself accumulates and transfers to the left a ten or a hundred, and how it takes away what it keeps in its "mind" when subtracting. Wilhelm Schickard () appeared in Tübingen in 1617 and soon became professor of oriental languages ​​at the local university. At the same time, he corresponded with Kepler and a number of German, French, Italian and Dutch scientists on issues related to astronomy. Drawing attention to the outstanding mathematical abilities of the young scientist, Kepler recommended that he take up mathematics. Shikkard heeded this advice and achieved significant success in the new field. In 1631 he became professor of mathematics and astronomy. And five years later, Shikkard and members of his family died of cholera. The works of the scientist were forgotten...

Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal () one of the most famous people in the history of mankind. Pascal died when he was 39 years old, but despite such a short life, he went down in history as outstanding mathematician, physicist, philosopher, writer, who also believed in miracles. Some of the practical achievements of Pascal were awarded the highest distinction today, few people know the name of their author. For example, now very few will say that the most common car is the invention of Blaise Pascal. He also came up with the idea of ​​omnibuses of multi-seat horse-drawn carriages with fixed routes, the first type of regular public public transport. Being very young (1643), Pascal created a mechanical device, a summing machine, which made it possible to add numbers in the decimal number system. In this machine, the numbers were set by corresponding rotations of the disks (wheels) with digital divisions, and the result of the operation could be read in the windows, one for each number. The disks were mechanically connected, and the addition took into account the transfer of one to the next digit. The units disk was connected to the tens disk, the tens disk to the hundreds disk, and so on. The main drawback of Pascal's summing machine was the inconvenience of performing all operations with it, except for addition.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz () entered the history of mathematics primarily as the creator of differential and integral calculus, combinatorics, and the theory of determinants. But his name is also among the outstanding inventors of counting devices. Leibniz was born in Leipzig and belonged to a family known for its scientists and politicians. In 1661 Leibniz became a student. He studies philosophy, law and mathematics at the universities of Leipzig, Vienna and Altdorf. In 1666, he defended two dissertations at once for the title of associate professor in jurisprudence and mathematics. In 1672, Leibniz met the Dutch mathematician and astronomer Christian Huygens. Seeing how many calculations an astronomer had to do, Leibniz decided to invent a mechanical device for calculations, which he completed in 1694. Developing the ideas of Pascal, Leibniz used the shift operation for bitwise multiplication of numbers. One copy of the Leibniz machine came to Peter the Great, who presented it to the Chinese emperor, wanting to impress him with European technical achievements. Leibniz came close to the creation of mathematical logic: he proposed the use of mathematical symbols in logic and for the first time expressed the idea of ​​the possibility of using the binary number system in it, which later found application in automatic computers.

George Bull George Bull (). After Leibniz, many eminent scientists conducted research in the field of mathematical logic and the binary number system, but the real success here came to the English self-taught mathematician George Boole, whose determination knew no bounds. The financial situation of George's parents allowed him to graduate only primary school for the poor. After some time, Buhl, having changed several professions, opened a small school, where he taught himself. He devoted a lot of time to self-education and soon became interested in the ideas of symbolic logic. In 1854, his main work, "Investigation of the laws of thought on which the mathematical theories of logic and probability are based," appeared. After some time, it became clear that Boole's system is well suited for describing electrical switching circuits: the current in the circuit can either flow or be absent, like how a statement can be either true or false. Already in the 20th century, together with the binary number system, the mathematical apparatus created by Boole formed the basis for the development of a digital electronic computer.

Herman Hollerith A significant contribution to the automation of information processing was made by an American, the son of German emigrants, Herman Hollerith (). He is the founder of the counting and punching technique. Dealing with the processing of statistical information from the US census in 1890, Hollerith built a manual puncher that was used to apply digital data to punched cards (holes were punched on the card), and introduced mechanical sorting to lay out these punched cards, depending on the place of punching. He built a summing machine, called a tabulator, which "felt" the holes on punched cards, perceived them as the corresponding numbers and counted these numbers. The tabulator card was the size of a dollar bill. It had 12 rows, in each of which 20 holes could be punched, corresponding to such data as age, gender, place of birth, number of children, marital status, etc. The agents participating in the census recorded the answers of the respondents in special forms. The completed forms were sent to Washington, where the information contained in them was transferred to cards using a puncher. Then the punched cards were loaded into special devices connected to a tabulator, where they were strung on thin needles. The needle, falling into the hole, passed it, closing the contact in the corresponding electrical circuit of the machine. This, in turn, led to the fact that the counter, consisting of rotating cylinders, moved one position forward.

John Vincent Atanasoff In 1973, through the court, it was established that the patent rights to the basic ideas of digital electronic machines belong to John Atanasov. Bulgarian by birth, John Vincent Atanasoff () became an American in the second generation. Atanasov began his search for ways to automate calculations in 1933, when he supervised graduate students who studied elasticity theory, quantum physics, and crystal physics. Most of the problems they faced involved partial differential equations. To solve them, one had to use approximate methods, which, in turn, required the solution of large systems of algebraic equations. That is why the scientist began to make attempts to use technical means to speed up calculations: Atanasov decided to design a computer based on new principles, while taking vacuum tubes as an element base. In the fall of 1939, John Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry began building a specialized computer machine designed to solve a system of algebraic equations with 30 unknowns. It was decided to name it ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer). The initial data, presented in decimal notation, had to be entered into the machine using standard punched cards. Then, in the machine itself, the decimal code was converted to binary, which was then used in it. The main arithmetic operations were addition and subtraction, and multiplication and division were already performed with their help. There were two storage devices in the car. By the spring of 1942, work on the machine was largely completed; however, at this time the United States was already at war with Nazi Germany, and wartime problems pushed work on the first computer into the background. Soon the car was dismantled.

Konrad Zuse The creator of the first operating computer with program control is considered to be the German engineer Konrad Zuse (), who loved to invent since childhood and, even when he was at school, designed a model of a machine for exchanging money. He began to dream of a machine capable of performing tedious calculations instead of a person while still a student. Not knowing about the work of Charles Babbage, Zuse soon set about creating a device much like the Analytical Engine of this English mathematician. In 1936, in order to devote more time to building a computer, Zuse quit his job. On a small table in his parents' house, he arranged a "workshop". Approximately two years later, the computer, which already occupied an area of ​​​​about 4 m2 and was an intricacies of relays and wires, was ready. The machine, which he named 21 (from 7, from Zuse's German spelling of the last name), had a data entry keyboard. In 1942, Zuse and Austrian electrical engineer Helmut Schreyer proposed the creation of a fundamentally new type of device, based on vacuum electron tubes. The new machine was supposed to operate hundreds of times faster than any of the machines available at that time in warring Germany. However, this proposal was rejected: Hitler imposed a ban on all "long-term" scientific development, because he was sure of a quick victory. In the difficult post-war years, Zuse, working alone, created a programming system called Plankalkul (Plankal-kül, "plan calculus"). This language is called the first high-level language.

Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev () was born in Nizhny Novgorod, In 1921 he entered the Moscow Higher Technical School (now the Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman) at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering. In 1928, Lebedev, having received a diploma in electrical engineering, became at the same time a teacher at the university, which he graduated from, and a junior researcher All-Union Electrotechnical Institute (VEI). In 1936, he was already a professor and author (together with PS Zhdanov) of the book "Stability of parallel operation of electrical systems", widely known among specialists in the field of electrical engineering. In the late 1940s, under the leadership of Lebedev, the first domestic electronic digital computer MESM (small electronic calculating machine) was created, which is one of the first in the world and the first in Europe computer with a program stored in memory. In 1950, Lebedev moved to the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Technology (ITM and VT of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR) in Moscow and became the chief designer of BESM, and then the director of the institute. Then BESM-1 was the fastest computer in Europe and was not inferior the best computers USA. Soon the machine was slightly modernized and in 1956 it began to be mass-produced under the name BESM-2. On BESM-2, calculations were performed during the launch of artificial satellites of the Earth and the first spacecraft with a person on board. In 1967, the series created under the leadership of S.A. began to be mass-produced. Lebedev and V.A. Melnikova, the original BESM-6 architecture with a speed of about 1 million operations per second: BESM-6 was among the most productive computers in the world and had many "features" of the next, third generation machines. She was the first large domestic machine, which began to be supplied to users along with advanced software.

John von Neumann American mathematician and physicist John von Neumann () was from Budapest, the second largest and most important cultural center of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire after Vienna. With his extraordinary abilities, this man began to stand out very early: at the age of six he spoke ancient Greek, and at eight he mastered the basics of higher mathematics. He worked in Germany, but in the early 1930s he decided to settle in the United States. John von Neumann made a significant contribution to the creation and development of a number of areas of mathematics and physics, and had a significant impact on the development of computer technology. He performed fundamental research related to mathematical logic, group theory, operator algebra, quantum mechanics, statistical physics; is one of the creators of the "Monte Carlo" method, a numerical method for solving mathematical problems based on the simulation of random variables. "According to von Neumann" the main place among the functions performed by a computer is occupied by arithmetic and logical operations. For them, an arithmetic-logical device is provided. Its operation and, in general, the entire machine is controlled by a control device. The role of information storage is performed by RAM. Information is stored here for both the arithmetic logic unit (data) and the control unit (commands).

Claude Elwood Shannon Already in his teens, Claude Elwood Shannon () began to design. He made models of airplanes and radio devices, created a radio-controlled boat, connected his house and a friend's house with a telegraph line. Claude's childhood hero was the famous inventor Thomas Alva Edison, who was at the same time his distant relative (nevertheless they never met). In 1937, Shannon submitted his dissertation "Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits", working on which he came to the conclusion that Boolean algebra can be successfully used to analyze and synthesize switches and relays in electrical circuits. We can say that this work paved the way for the development of digital computers. The most famous work of Claude Elwood Shannon is published in 1948 "The Mathematical Theory of Communication", which presents considerations regarding the new science of information theory he created. One of the tasks of information theory is to find the most economical coding methods that allow you to convey the necessary information using the minimum number of characters. Shannon defined the basic unit of quantity of information (later called a bit) as a message representing one of two options: heads, tails, yes no, and so on. A bit can be represented as 1 or 0, or as the presence or absence of current in the circuit.

Bill (William) Gates Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955. He and his two sisters grew up in Seattle. Their father, William Gates II, is a lawyer. Bill Gates' mother, Mary Gates, was a schoolteacher, board member at the University of Washington, and chairman of the charity United Way International. Gates and his high school buddy Paul Allen entered the world of entrepreneurship at the age of fifteen. They wrote a program to regulate traffic and formed a company to distribute it; earned dollars on this project and did not go to high school anymore. In 1973, Gates entered his first year at Harvard University. During their time at Harvard, Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote the first operating system, developing the BASIC programming language for the first MITS Altair minicomputer. In his third year, Bill Gates left Harvard to devote himself full-time to Microsoft, the company he founded in 1975 with Allen. Under a contract with IBM, Gates creates the MS-DOS operating system, which in 1993 was used by 90% of the world's computers and which made him fabulously rich. So Bill Gates went down in history not only as Microsoft's chief software architect, but also as the youngest self-made billionaire. Today, Bill Gates is one of the most popular figures in the computer world. There are jokes about him, praises are sung to him. Peoper magazine, for example, argues that "Gates is as important to programming as Edison is to the light bulb: part innovator, part entrepreneur, part tradesman, but unfailingly a genius."

Computer scientists Charles Babbage Charles Babbage showed his talent as a mathematician and inventor quite widely. Babbage went down in history as the designer of the first full-fledged computer. Babbage came up with ideas such as the installation of "black boxes" in trains to record the circumstances of the accident. The scientist all his life was passionately fond of various kinds of keys - locks, ciphers and mechanical dolls.

Some problems at work Unfortunately, Charles Babbage did not have a chance to see the embodiment of most of his revolutionary ideas. The work of the scientist has always been accompanied by several very serious problems. Until the early 1990s, the generally accepted opinion was that Charles Babbage's ideas were too far ahead of the technical capabilities of his time, and therefore the designed computers could not, in principle, be built in that era.

Herman Hollerith Herman's parents were immigrants from Germany, in 1848 they left their homeland. The boy was born on February 29, 1860. Nothing is known about Herman's infancy (a family matter). He went to school with obvious reluctance and had a reputation among teachers as a gifted child, but ill-bred and lazy. When Herman was 14 years old, he forever left the walls of the municipal secondary school. The young man graduated with honors from college and entered the service at Columbia University, in the department of mathematics of the famous professor Trowbridge. When Herman was 14 years old, he forever left the walls of the municipal secondary school. The young man graduated with honors from college and entered the service at Columbia University, in the department of mathematics of the famous professor Trowbridge.

The creation of a new machine In 1882, Hollerith got a job as a teacher applied mechanics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Soon, a clumsy monster settled in the laboratory, assembled mainly from scrap metal found in university dumps. But Hollerith soon became disillusioned with the tape, as it quickly wore out and tore. Therefore, in the end, Hollerith chose punched cards as information carriers. A hundred years later, computer scientists again found the idea of ​​reading information from a tape more promising. But Hollerith soon became disillusioned with the tape, as it quickly wore out and tore. Therefore, in the end, Hollerith chose punched cards as information carriers. A hundred years later, computer scientists again found the idea of ​​reading information from a tape more promising.

Work for the state The authorities recommended Hollerith's invention for competition among the systems considered as basic for the mechanization of the work of census takers during the upcoming census in 1890. Hollerith's machine had no equal, and therefore the creation of an industrial prototype of a punched card tabulator was hastily organized in the design bureau of Pratt and Whitney. A stellar period in Herman's life He received an unprecedented fee of ten thousand dollars at that time, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences, his system was adopted by the Canadians, Norwegians, Austrians, and later the British. The Franklin Institute awarded him the prestigious Elliot Cresson Medal. The French awarded him a gold medal at the 1893 Paris Exhibition. Almost all the scientific societies of Europe and America recorded him as an "honorary member". In 1896, Herman Hollerith invested his money from well-deserved fame without a trace in the creation of the Tabulating Machine Company (TMC).

Information sources htm htm html html html Encyclopedia for children Avanta+, volume 22 Informatics, Moscow, Avanta+, 2003 Encyclopedia for children Avanta+, volume 22 Informatics, Moscow, Avanta+, 2003 D.M. Zlatopolsky "Informatics in faces", Moscow, Chistye Prudy, 2005 D.M. Zlatopolsky "Informatics in faces", Moscow, Chistye Prudy, 2005 Newspaper "Informatics" Newspaper "Informatics"