Presentation on the topic of Nobel Prize laureates. Presentation on the topic "Nobel Prize". Currently…
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SOLZHENITSYN Alexander Isaevich (born 1918), Russian writer, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1997). The preservation of the human soul in conditions of totalitarianism and internal opposition to it is the cross-cutting theme of the stories “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” (1962), “Matryonin’s Dvor” (1963), “At the Breaks” (1996), the stories “In the First Circle”, “ Cancer Ward" (1968; published abroad), which incorporated A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s own experience; participation in the Great Patriotic War, arrest, camps (1945-1953), exile (1953-1956). “The Gulag Archipelago” (1973; distributed illegally in the USSR) - “an experience in artistic research” state system extermination of people in the USSR; received an international response and influenced a change in public consciousness, including in the West. In “The Red Wheel” (1971-1991), the causes of the revolution are examined based on a huge amount of factual material. In the articles “Repentance and self-restraint as categories of national life”, “Live not by lies”, etc., in “Letter to the leaders Soviet Union"(all 1973) Solzhenitsyn predicted the collapse of socialism.
SOLZHENITSYN Alexander Isaevich (born 1918), Russian writer, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1997). The preservation of the human soul in conditions of totalitarianism and internal opposition to it is the cross-cutting theme of the stories “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” (1962), “Matryonin’s Dvor” (1963), “At the Breaks” (1996), the stories “In the First Circle”, “ Cancer Ward" (1968; published abroad), which incorporated A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s own experience; participation in the Great Patriotic War, arrest, camps (1945-1953), exile (1953-1956). “The Gulag Archipelago” (1973; distributed illegally in the USSR) - “an experience in artistic research” of the state system of extermination of people in the USSR; received an international response and influenced a change in public consciousness, including in the West. In “The Red Wheel” (1971-1991), the causes of the revolution are examined based on a huge amount of factual material. In the articles “Repentance and self-restraint as categories of national life”, “Living not by lies”, etc., in “Letter to the leaders of the Soviet Union” (all 1973), Solzhenitsyn predicted the collapse of socialism. Slide description:
The period of exile from the USSR (from 1974 - to Germany, from 1976 - to the USA, Vermont; returned to Russia in 1994) and the newest (“How can we develop Russia”, 1990, “The “Russian Question” by the end of the 20th century.”, 1994). Autobiographical book “A calf butted an oak tree” (1975; with additions - 1991). Slide 23 BRODSKY Joseph Alexandrovich (1940-96), Russian poet; also wrote on
In 1889, a dark incident occurred that left a deep imprint on Alfred's soul. One of the journalists confused Alfred Nobel with his recently deceased brother Ludwig. In his own obituary, Alfred was called a merchant of death. It is believed that this event prompted Alfred Nobel to decide to leave something more valuable than dynamite after his death. On November 27, 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Nobel signed his will.
Nobel's will provided for the allocation of funds for awards to representatives of only five fields: · Physics · Chemistry · Physiology and medicine · Literature · Promoting world peace. The first Nobel Prize laureate, physicist Wilhelm Conrad
The Nobel Foundation was created in 1900 as a private, independent non-governmental organization, with an initial capital of 31.6 million Swedish kronor (at current prices this amount is equivalent to approximately 1.65 billion kronor). As of today, the premium is approximately $1.4 million.
Nobel Dinner The first Nobel banquet took place on December 10, 1901, simultaneously with the first presentation of the prize. A person is invited to the banquet. Dress code: tailcoats and evening dresses.
To select candidates for the Prize in Literature, submissions are sent from specialists in the field of literature and linguistics - members of academies and societies. When deciding the fate of the Literature Prize, the 18 members of the Swedish Academy make a decision based on a proposal from the Nobel Committee. The 2011 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Swedish writer Thomas Tranströmer.
The Department of Periodicals and Fiction invites everyone to visit the library and the events that are held for you! We will be glad to see you! From 8.00 to Saturday - from 8.00 to Day off - Sunday Sanitary day - the last Tuesday of every month
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In his famous will, Alfred Nobel formulated: “My entire remaining realizable fortune is distributed as follows: The entire capital shall be deposited by my executors for safekeeping under surety and shall form a fund; its purpose is to annually award cash prizes to those individuals who, during the previous year, have managed to bring the greatest benefit to humanity.”
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The Nobel Prizes are awarded to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm (for physics, chemistry, economics), the Royal Karolinska Medical-Surgical Institute in Stockholm (for physiology and medicine) and the Swedish Academy in Stockholm (for literature); in Norway the Nobel Committee of Parliament awards Nobel Prizes peace. Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously.
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NOBEL PRIZES are international prizes named after their founder, Swedish chemical engineer A. B. Nobel. Awarded annually (since 1901) for outstanding work in the field of: physics, chemistry, medicine and physiology of economics (since 1969) for literary works for activities to strengthen peace Comparative table The meaning of the Nobel Prize
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CHERENKOV Pavel Alekseevich (1904-90) In 1958 “for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect.” Experimentally discovered a new optical phenomenon (Cherenkov-Vavilov radiation). FRANK Ilya Mikhailovich (1908-1990) Worked in the field of optics, neutron and nuclear physics, studied reactions on light nuclei in which neutrons are emitted, the interaction of fast neutrons with tritium, lithium and uranium nuclei, and the fission process. TAMM Igor Evgenievich (1895-1971) Studied quantum theory, nuclear physics, radiation theory, solid state physics, elementary particle physics.
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LANDAU Lev Davidovich (1908-1968) Works in many areas of physics: magnetism; superfluidity and superconductivity; physics of solids, atomic nuclei and elementary particles, plasma physics; quantum electrodynamics; astrophysics, etc. BASOV Nikolai Gennadievich (1922-2001) PROKHOROV Alexander Mikhailovich (1916-2002) In 1964 “For fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of generators and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle.”
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KAPITSA Petr Leonidovich (1894-1984) Works on the physics of magnetic phenomena, physics and technology of low temperatures, quantum physics of condensed matter, electronics and plasma physics. (1978) ALFEROV Zhores Ivanovich (March 15, 1930) In 2000 “for work on obtaining semiconductor structures that can be used for ultra-fast computers.” GINZBURG Vitaly Lazarevich (b. 1916) Main works on the propagation of radio waves, astrophysics, the origin of cosmic rays, Cherenkov-Vavilov radiation, superconductivity, plasma physics, crystal optics. ABRIKOSOV Aleksey Alekseevich (June 25, 1928) Main works in the field of the theory of superconductivity, solid state and quantum liquid physics, astrophysics, statistical physics, plasma physics, quantum electrodynamics.
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SEMENOV Nikolai Nikolaevich (1896-1986) In 1956 he received the Nobel Prize for research in the field of the mechanism of chemical reactions. Created a general quantitative theory of chain reactions (1934). Developed the theory of thermal explosion of gas mixtures.
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PAVLOV Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936) In 1904 he received the Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion, thanks to which a clearer understanding of the vital aspects of this issue was formed. Creator of the materialistic doctrine of higher nervous activity. MECHNIKOV Ilya Ilyich (1845-1916) Founder of comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology, immunology. Discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis. Explained the phagocytic theory of immunity. Created a theory of the origin of multicellular organisms
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KANTOROVICH Leonid Vitalievich (1912-1986) Main works on functional analysis and computational mathematics. Laid the beginning of linear programming. One of the creators of the theory of optimal planning and management of the national economy, the theory of optimal use of raw materials.
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Bunin Ivan Alekseevich (1870-1953) received the Nobel Prize in 1933 for the absolute mastery with which he continued the traditions of Russian classics in prose works. Pasternak Boris Leonidovich (1890-1960) The prize was awarded in 1958 for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel. Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich (1905-1984) He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1965 for the artistic honesty with which he reflected the historical period in the life of the Russian people in the epic “Quiet Don”.
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Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich (December 11, 1918) Received the prize in 1970 for the moral strength gleaned from the tradition of great Russian literature. Brodsky Joseph Alexandrovich (1940-1996) His work was recognized in 1987 for his comprehensive skill as a writer, inspired by clarity of thought and poetic power.
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In October 1975, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, which was received by his wife. Bonner read out Sakharov's speech to the audience, which called for "true detente and genuine disarmament", for "general political amnesty in the world" and "the release of all prisoners of conscience everywhere." The next day, Bonner read her husband’s Nobel lecture “Peace, Progress, Human Rights,” in which Sakharov argued that these three goals were “inextricably linked with one another” and demanded “freedom of conscience, the existence of an informed public opinion, pluralism in the education system, freedom press and access to sources of information,” and also put forward proposals for achieving detente and disarmament. SAKHAROV Andrey Dmitrievich (1921 - 1989)
- A history teacher
- Zhiganova V.B.
- Who is Alfred Nobel?
- Alfred Nobel was born in
- Sweden, in the family
- talented inventor
- Emmanuel Nobel. When he was 9 years old, his father moved him to St. Petersburg, where Alfred studied at the university with Professor N.I. Zinin.
- The Nobel enterprises played a major role in the construction of a steam navy in Russia. “When the government entrusted M.I. Putilov with the construction of 100 gunboats and 14 corvettes, he turned to Emmanuil Emmanuilovich, and in the first year the Nobel plant manufactured mechanisms for the corvettes “Volk”, “Vol” and “Vepr”. Several ships built with the participation of the Nobel company, they served until World War 1, that is, almost 60 years. It was for this that Emmanuel Nobel was awarded the Imperial Gold Medal.
- The Nobels invested their talent and hard work, their capital in Russia for many decades. Isn’t this the best example for current investors and entrepreneurs - foreign and domestic, who are ready today to develop not “black”, but “pure” capitalism for their own benefit and for the benefit of Russia?
- Nobel's will
- At the end of 1895, Alfred allocated only 6% of all his savings to himself, and for the remaining 94%, which amounted to £1,687,837 pounds sterling, he established his own Nobel Prize. Today his net worth is estimated at US$472 million, which is about twice what it was in 1895 (taking into account huge and long-lasting inflation). They are awarded to those who have made the most significant discoveries for humanity in the field of physics, chemistry, medicine or physiology, as well as to the author of the best work of literature. There is also a peace prize for those who contributed to international understanding or arms reduction.
- What is the ceremony for presenting the award?
- The ceremony takes place every year
- on the day of Alfred's death -
- December 10, which
- we call it Nobel Day.
- This happens in the very
- the heart of Stockholm - in Concert Hall
- the hall where the king is
- Sweden is presented by Carl XVI Gustav
- awards to laureates.
- Who wins the Nobel Prize? Scientists in what fields of science can become a laureate?
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NOBEL PRIZES are awarded in accordance with A. Nobel's will, drawn up on November 27, 1895, which provided for the allocation of capital for the award of prizes in five areas: physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, literature and contribution to world peace. For this purpose, the Nobel Foundation was created in 1900 - a private, independent, non-governmental organization with an initial capital of 31 million Swedish crowns. The prize cannot be awarded jointly to more than three people (this was decided in 1968) and can only be awarded posthumously if the applicant was alive at the time the prize was announced (usually in October) but died before 10 December of this year (the decision was made in 1974). Prizes are awarded not by the Nobel Foundation, but by special Nobel committees for each area, each consisting of five people
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The first female recipient of the award was Gertie Corey in 1947; Since then, 9 more women have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The youngest laureate at the time of receiving the prize was Frederick Banting, awarded it in 1923 at the age of 32. The oldest recipient was 1966 recipient Francis Rose, who was 87 years old at the time of his receipt. The longest-lived Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology or Medicine is 1986 laureate Rita Levi-Montalcini, who turned 101 in 2010. She is also the longest-lived of all Nobel laureates and the oldest Nobel laureate to date. The shortest life belonged to the 1903 laureate Niels Finsen, who died at the age of 43.
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Alfred Nobel
Alfred Nobel was one of the richest people late 19th century He made his fortune thanks to the invention of dynamite and the creation of an entire empire for the production of explosives, spanning 20 countries. His brother Ludwig died in 1888. This horrified Alfred so much that he rewrote his will, and now most of his estate - about 9 million dollars - was to be used to annually award five prizes: in literature, for the struggle for peace, and also "for scientific achievements that bring greatest benefit to humanity." They say that Nobel did not like mathematicians because his beloved eloped with one of them.
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The amount of the bonus was and remains very high from the very beginning. Today it amounts to 10 million Swedish kronor, or 939 thousand US dollars. Nobel entrusted the awarding of prizes to four organizations: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (physics and chemistry), the Swedish Academy (literature), the Swedish Karolinska Institute (physiology and medicine), a committee appointed Norwegian Parliament (struggle for peace). The Nobel Prize in Economics is a more recent invention. The status of the Nobel Prize is determined not so much by the significant amount of money as by its prestige. Nobel Prize laureates receive significant support from the state and private organizations, and government officials listen to their opinions.
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Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
one of the most authoritative scientists in Russia, physiologist, psychologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of regulation of digestion; founder of the largest Russian physiological school; laureate of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1904 “for his work on the physiology of digestion.” And the next year, 1904, the Nobel Prize for research into the functions of the main digestive glands was awarded to I.P. Pavlov - he became the first Russian Nobel laureate.
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I.P. Pavlov sewed the skin and mucous membranes together in such a way, inserted metal tubes and closed them with plugs, that there were no erosions, and he could receive pure digestive juice throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract - from the salivary gland to the large intestine, which is exactly what happened he did it on hundreds of experimental animals. He conducted experiments with imaginary feeding (cutting the esophagus so that food did not enter the stomach), thus making a number of discoveries in the field of reflexes for the release of gastric juice. Over the course of 10 years, Pavlov essentially re-created the modern physiology of digestion.
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WilhelmConradRoentgen
German physicist. The first Nobel Prize winner in physics. X-ray was an honest and very modest person. When the Prince Regent of Bavaria awarded the scientist a high order for his achievements in science, which gave him the right to a title of nobility and, accordingly, to add the particle “von” to his surname, Roentgen did not consider it possible for himself to lay claim to the title of nobility. Wilhelm accepted the Nobel Prize in Physics, which he, the first physicist, was awarded in 1901, but refused to come to the award ceremony, citing being busy. The award was sent to him by mail. True, when the German government during the First World War asked the population to help the state with money and valuables, Wilhelm Roentgen gave away all his savings, including the Nobel Prize.
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Discovery of the rays
The main discovery in his life - X-radiation, he made when he was already 50 years old. On November 8, 1895, when his assistants had already gone home, Roentgen continued to work. He turned on the current again in the cathode tube, covered on all sides with thick black paper. Barium platinocyanide crystals lying nearby began to glow greenish. The scientist turned off the current - the glow of the crystals stopped. When the voltage was reapplied to the cathode tube, the glow in the crystals, which were in no way connected with the device, resumed. As a result of further research, the scientist came to the conclusion that unknown radiation was emanating from the tube, which he later called X-rays. Roentgen's experiments showed that X-rays originate at the point where cathode rays collide with an obstacle inside the cathode tube. The scientist made a tube of a special design - the anti-cathode was flat, which ensured an intense flow of X-rays. Thanks to this tube (it would later be called X-ray), he studied and described the basic properties of previously unknown radiation, which was called X-ray. As it turns out, X-rays can penetrate many opaque materials; however, it is not reflected or refracted. X-ray radiation ionizes the surrounding air and illuminates the photo plates. Roentgen also took the first photographs using X-rays.
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The discovery of the German scientist greatly influenced the development of science. Experiments and studies using X-rays helped to obtain new information about the structure of matter, which, together with other discoveries of that time, forced us to reconsider a number of principles of classical physics. After a short period of time, X-ray tubes found application in medicine and various fields of technology. By 1919, X-ray tubes had become widespread and were used in many countries. Thanks to them, new areas of science and technology emerged - radiology, x-ray diagnostics, x-ray measurements, x-ray diffraction analysis, etc.
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HeinrichHermannRobert Koch
German microbiologist. He discovered the anthrax bacillus, Vibrio cholera and the tuberculosis bacillus. For his research on tuberculosis he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905. In 1905, Robert Koch was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his “research and discoveries concerning the treatment of tuberculosis.”
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Koch is attempting to find the causative agent of tuberculosis, a widespread disease at that time and a leading cause of death. The proximity of the Charite clinic, filled with tuberculosis patients, makes his task easier - every day, early in the morning, he comes to the hospital, where he receives material for research: a small amount of sputum or a few drops of blood from patients with consumption.
However, despite the abundance of material, he still fails to detect the causative agent of the disease. Koch soon realizes that the only way to achieve his goal is with the help of dyes. Unfortunately, ordinary dyes turn out to be too weak, but after several months of unsuccessful work, he still manages to find the necessary substances. Koch stains the crushed tuberculosis tissue of the 271st drug in methyl blue, and then in the caustic red-brown dye used in finishing leather, and discovers tiny, slightly curved, bright blue colored rods - Koch's rods.
On March 24, 1882, when he announced that he had isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, Koch achieved the greatest triumph of his entire life. At that time, this disease was one of the main causes of death.
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AlexanderFleming
British bacteriologist. He discovered lysozyme (an antibacterial enzyme produced by the human body) and for the first time isolated penicillin from the mold fungi Penicillium notatum - historically the first antibiotic.
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the discoveries occurred in the 1920s and were largely accidental. Once, when Fleming had a cold, he sowed mucus from his own nose onto a Petri dish containing bacteria, and after a few days he discovered that in the places where the mucus was applied, the bacteria were destroyed. The first paper on lysozyme was published in 1922. The disorder in Fleming's laboratory once again served him well. In 1928, he discovered that a colony of molds had grown on agar in one of the Petri dishes containing Staphylococcusaureus bacteria. Colonies of bacteria around mold fungi have become transparent due to cell destruction. Fleming managed to isolate the active substance that destroys bacterial cells - penicillin, the work was published in 1929. Fleming underestimated his discovery, believing that it would be very difficult to obtain a medicine. His work was continued by Howard Flory and Ernst Boris Chain, who developed methods for purifying penicillin. Mass production of penicillin began during World War II.
Russian and French biologist (zoologist, embryologist, immunologist, physiologist and pathologist). One of the founders of evolutionary embryology, the discoverer of phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, the creator of the comparative pathology of inflammation, the phagocytic theory of immunity, the founder of scientific gerontology. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1908).
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Mechnikov's scientific works relate to a number of areas of biology and medicine. In 1866-1886 Mechnikov developed issues of comparative and evolutionary embryology, being one of the founders of this direction. He proposed an original theory of the origin of multicellular animals. Having discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis in 1882, he developed, based on his study, the comparative pathology of inflammation (1892), and later the phagocytic theory of immunity (“Immunity in infectious diseases” - 1901; Nobel Prize - 1908, together with P. Ehrlich). Mechnikov’s numerous works on bacteriology are devoted to the epidemiology of cholera, typhoid fever, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases. Mechnikov, together with E. Roux, was the first to experimentally cause syphilis in monkeys (1903).
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