Presentation of modern agricultural machinery. Presentation on agricultural machines. Farming methods
Olga Vokhmyanina
Presentation "Studying agricultural machines"
Target: the formation of generalized ideas about agricultural machinery facilitating the work of people; expansion of ideas about the device of some types of technology.
The giant ship does not sail on the sea
The giant ship is on the ground
The field will pass - the harvest will be harvested. (Combine)
An iron nose has grown into the ground,
Digs, digs, loosens the earth. (Plow)
Rides a steel horse growls
Behind the plows drags. (Tractor)
Rides on his back in the field,
And across the field on your feet. (Harrow)
A cow walks in the field
soot tongue,
The cow cuts the grass,
Right under the spine. (Mower)
Behind the iron horse
The box stretches with grain,
Through the holey bottom
The grain spills out. (seeder)
The hero goes iron
But he is a useful worker.
Pulls plows behind him
The conversation takes place in the spring. (Tractor)
I am stronger than ten horses
Where in the fields I will pass in the spring
In summer, bread will rise like a wall. (Tractor)
Iron Horse,
Fire in the belly
The hay does not ask
Plow, sow, mow. (Tractor)
She walks behind a tractor across the field,
Selected grains are poured into it.
And where her trace lies a little noticeable,
Then there is a bountiful harvest. (seeder)
iron nose,
Rooted into the ground
Digs, digs,
It loosens the earth. (Plow)
Toothy, not biting. (Rake)
Strongmen scurry in the fields
With boxes on the shoulders.
From the fields barely go:
The harvest is big. (Trucks)
Miracle pitchforks in front of us
With gripping hands.
One minute boldly
They load hay into the cart. (Chain Launcher)
She is dragging behind the plow -
Huge hairbrush:
After all, our field needs
Spring hairstyle. (Harrow)
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Shakirov Dinar
GBOU SPO Baimak Agricultural College, Urgaza village, Baimaksky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan; the author is a student majoring in 110809 Mechanization Agriculture Shakirov Dinar, 2014, 13 slides. The work was carried out within the framework of independent extracurricular work in the discipline "Informatics".
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AGREECULTURAL MACHINES. AGREECULTURAL EQUIPMENT
Agricultural machines are used for preparing the soil for planting agricultural crops, planting or sowing agricultural crops, caring for crops and plantings, harvesting the grown crop, as well as its post-harvest processing, preservation and giving the best presentation. Therefore, agricultural machines are divided into separate types. 2
TILLING MACHINES For soil cultivation, agricultural machines are used, which make the soil loose, uniformly finely cloddy, without weeds and with a leveled surface. From the listed requirements for cultivated soil, it can be seen how many requirements are placed on tillage machines. It is almost impossible to fulfill all these conditions with one machine. These requirements are not the same for different types of soil, processing time, cultivated crop, applied technology, field topography and many other factors. 3
FERTILIZER MACHINES The most important task of field farming is to increase the yield of agricultural crops. There are many ways to increase productivity. One of them is to improve soil fertility. Soil fertility also increases in many ways, and one of the main ones is the introduction of additional nutrients into the soil - fertilizers. 4
SEEDING MACHINES Many factors must be observed when sowing or planting. These are: short sowing dates, sowing rate, sowing uniformity, sowing depth, sowing uniformity, soil structure preservation and others. All these conditions must be met by sowing machines: seeders and planters. 5
FODDER PROCESSING MACHINES During the stall period, agricultural animals eat feed harvested in the summer and preserved without loss of nutritional properties. Types of feed: hay, silage, haylage, grass flour, roots and tubers, straw, and grain. Other feeds obtained from various local enterprises are also used: pulp, cake, molasses, bard and more. 6
IRRIGATION MACHINES Irrigation of agricultural crops regulates one of the components of fertility - water supply. Plants feed on air and root methods. 7
MACHINES FOR CHEMICAL PROTECTION From pests and diseases disappears during the growing season and storage up to a quarter of the harvest. To combat them, various methods and methods of struggle are used. One of the methods of control is chemical plant protection. These preparations are introduced into the soil, plants and harvested crops are treated with the help of machines for chemical plant protection. eight
GRAIN HARVESTERS Self-propelled grain harvesters (hereinafter simply combine harvester) are currently used for harvesting grain, leguminous and some cereal crops. The combine performs several technological operations that, before the appearance of combines, were performed by several different machines. The names of these machines have been preserved in the names of individual components of the combine. They used to mow the grain with a reaper, thresh the ears with a threshing machine, and separate the grain from impurities with a winnowing machine. Approximately the same functions are performed on the combine harvester, threshing and separating device and cleaning. That is, the harvester united all these machines into a single whole and replaced them. In addition, the combine also processes the non-grain part of the crop: straw and chaff. He can collect them in heaps, scatter them in crushed form across the field, or load them into vehicles. The grain after the combine, after a slight refinement on the current, is ready for storage or sale. 9
MACHINES FOR PROCESSING GRAIN Grain after harvesting with a combine contains a large amount of various impurities and, especially in our non-chernozem zone, has high humidity. Therefore, for further storage of grain or its sale, it is necessary to separate it from impurities and dry it to a moisture content of 17%. These operations are carried out by various dryers and sorting machines. 10
The mounted plow PLN-3-35 is designed for plowing under grain and industrial crops to a depth of up to 30 cm of various soils that are not clogged with stones, flagstone and other obstacles with a specific resistance of up to 0.09 MPa and a hardness of up to 3.0 MPa. Work with plows equipped with skimmers is carried out as follows: the skimmer cuts the top layer of soil to a depth of 12 cm, turns it over and lays it on the bottom of the furrow. The laid layer is closed with a layer raised and wrapped by the main body, as a result of which a complete and deep incorporation of weeds and crop residues is achieved. eleven
The T-40 tractor is intended for plowing simple soils in gardens and greenhouses, processing tilled crops, for working with a mower, stacker, snow blade, and also for motor transport work. The bulldozer has a semi-frame layout with a carrier box and a reverse bridge. The engine is placed on a semi-frame, firmly integrated with the gearbox housing. The rear head wheels contain an expanded diameter and a strict suspension. Front rushing wheels of reduced diameter. The tractor was produced in all-wheel drive (T-40A) and rear-wheel drive variations. The T-40 tractor has an adjustable track and adjustable clearance of any wheels. For work in row-spacings, the T-40 tractor has every chance of being equipped with replaceable dark-skinned wheels of a shortened width. For work on steep slopes, the track can be extended by installing the rear wheels "inside out". 12
Thank you for your attention The presentation was made by a student of the Baimak Agricultural College Shakirov Dinar
Description of the presentation for individual slides:
1 slide
Slide Description:
Production technology is a sequential list of operations necessary for the production of a product (culture), indicating the conditions and means of their implementation. Any crop or group of crops (cereals, industrial) requires appropriate methods of tillage, sowing and harvesting, due to the biological characteristics of plant growth and development, the nature of the soil, and climate. Thus, the technology of cultivation of agricultural crops is characterized by the methods and means of their production. It consists of several technological production processes. A technological production process is a method or a set of methods for processing a material (soil, plants, products) using technical, physical or chemical means in order to change its properties or state in a targeted manner.
2 slide
Slide Description:
The mechanization of agriculture is the replacement of manual labor by machines; the introduction of machines and tools in agricultural production. The mechanization of agriculture is of great national economic importance, since it increases labor productivity, reduces the cost of production, shortens the time for completing work, and saves a person from hard, laborious and tedious work. The process of improving the culture of agricultural production is inextricably linked with the mechanization of agriculture - the use of the latest achievements of science and technology, the development of advanced technologies, the further intensification of agriculture, the implementation of major works on land reclamation and the chemicalization of agricultural production. Technology is the most active part of the means of production; it is of exceptional importance in creating the material and technical base of agriculture.
3 slide
Slide Description:
The objects of mechanization of agricultural production are working processes: in agriculture - drainage and irrigation of lands, cultural and technical work, tillage (plowing, peeling, harrowing, disking, cultivation, rolling), sowing (planting), processing of row spacings, fertilizing, combating diseases of cultivated plants, pests and weeds, harvesting, cleaning and sorting of grain, forage harvesting; on livestock farms - preparation of feed for feeding, distribution of feed, cleaning of premises, watering of livestock and poultry, milking of cows, shearing of sheep; in auxiliary enterprises - repair of agricultural machinery, processing of agricultural products.
4 slide
Slide Description:
Production technology of crop production Technology of cultivation of agricultural crops is a set of technological methods, methods of processing, changes in the state or properties of the soil, technological materials or plants, used at certain points in time, in strict sequence in compliance with the requirements of agricultural technology.
5 slide
Slide Description:
The concept and content of operating technology. The technology of mechanized work is the science of the methods and means of producing agricultural products and the processing of relevant materials (soil, grain, plant stems, etc.). In other words, the technology of mechanized work is the science of how to properly perform a particular production process. It is designed to increase the efficiency of the use of machines, their correct and competent use. The strategic direction of modern agriculture is the intensive technology of growing wheat, corn, rice, and other crops. Their goal is to obtain high sustainable yields, improve product quality. Intensive technologies are a qualitatively higher stage of the integrated use of the achievements of science and technology at all stages of crop cultivation.
6 slide
Slide Description:
The operational technology of mechanized work has been developed for each agricultural work and contains the necessary information on how to best organize the use of a machine-tractor unit under the conditions of a given farm and a particular field. It defines a strict technological procedure for the performance of all operations of agricultural work, its organization and advanced methods of using machines. Each operational technology includes the conditions for performing the work (initial melons), agrotechnical requirements, and also contains in a concise form the necessary information on how to compile and prepare the machine and tractor unit and the field for work, how to rationally perform the work and evaluate its quality.
7 slide
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8 slide
Slide Description:
Under plowing is meant moldboard tillage (with turnover and crumbling of the layer) in order to create the most favorable conditions for the development of cultivated plants and the subsequent production of a high yield. At the same time, the accumulation, preservation and effective use of atmospheric precipitation moisture, as well as the incorporation of fertilizers, weeds and crop residues take place. Plowing is one of the most energy-intensive activities, which accounts for up to 35% of all mechanical energy and, accordingly, fuel costs for the cultivation of crops. Other operating costs are also high.
9 slide
Slide Description:
Plowing means moldboard tillage (with turnover and crumbling of the layer)
10 slide
Slide Description:
6.1. Basic agrotechnical requirements. Deviation from the specified plowing depth up to ±5%; full turnover of the formation; completeness of embedding to the required depth of fertilizers, crop residues and weeds is not less than 95 ... 98%; the required crumbling of the layer - blocks larger than 10 cm should occupy no more than 15 ... 20% of the arable land; the height of the ridges is up to 5 cm, and the height of the pile ridges is not more than 7 cm; deviation of the actual width of the plow from the design width is not more than ±10%.
11 slide
Slide Description:
6.2. Preparation of aggregates It consists in choosing the appropriate type of plow, completing resource-saving high-performance aggregates and setting them up for the required operating mode. Plows are classified according to the following main features: hull designs (share, disc, chisel, rotary, combined); aggregation method (trailed, mounted, semi-mounted); technological process (for dump and smooth plowing with reversible and frontal plows).
12 slide
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13 slide
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16 slide
Slide Description:
Share plows are most widely used on farms. At the same time, from the corresponding designs of share plows (general purpose, shrub-bog, plantation, garden, vineyard, forest and longline), the operating technology is considered in relation to the main type of share plows for plowing old arable land. On medium soils (specific resistance of the plow is 52 kN/m2) with a plowing depth of 20...22 cm and a head length of 150...300 m, plowing units of the MTZ-80(82) + PLN-35 and DT-75M + types are the most effective. PLN-4-35.
17 slide
Slide Description:
At rut lengths of 300 ... 700 m, it is advisable to use tractors of the T-150K, T-150, T-4A, DT-175S types and plows of the PLP-6-35, PPI-6-40 types mounted with them (with adjustable working width ). In more severe conditions, the T-150, T-150K and T-4A tractors can also be aggregated with five-furrow plows of the PLN-5-35 and PNI-5-40 types. Rut lengths of more than 700 m correspond to arable units based on the K-701 tractor and PTK-9-35, PNL-8-40, PNI-8-40 plows.
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20 slide
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The indicated compositions of arable units correspond to the operating speed ranges of 6...9 km/h. Prepare and connect plows to tractors in accordance with available manuals. When choosing the plowing depth, it should be taken into account that its increase by only 1 cm increases fuel consumption by up to 5%. 6.3. Field preparation Provides for: cleaning the field from crop residues; removal of obstacles; the choice of the direction of movement of the unit and the breakdown of the field into paddocks, depending on the chosen method of movement.
21 slide
Slide Description:
For plowing by methods of alternating paddocks in a dump and waddle, a simplified formula is used to quickly determine the optimal width of the paddock: where B is the working width of the plow, m; L is the length of the run, m. If processing of turning lanes is not required (wastelands, roads, etc. at the ends of the run), then instead of the above formula, the formula should be used:
22 slide
Slide Description:
The calculated values of Copt obtained from the indicated formulas should be rounded up to rational Cp values, multiples of twice the width of the plow, if the unit enters the paddock and leaves at the same end of the paddock, and vice versa. For example, for the plowing unit K-701 + PLN-8-40 at L = 800 m and B = 3.2 m, when calculating according to the formulas, we obtain C1opt = 181 m and C2opt = 117 m.
23 slide
Shangireev Rifat
GBOU SPO Baimak Agricultural College, Uragaza village, Baimaksky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan; the author is a student in the specialty 110809 Agricultural mechanization Shangireev Rifat, 2014, 8 slides. The work was carried out within the framework of independent extracurricular work in the discipline "Informatics".
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Agreecultural machines. Agreecultural equipment
Agricultural machinery is one of the most revolutionary inventions of modern technology. The elementary human need for food has always forced the development of machinery and technology. Over the past 250 years, advances in agricultural technology have changed the way we work and produce food around the world. 2
History The first person to switch from hunting and gathering to farming most likely worked with his bare hands and no implements, perhaps occasionally using sticks and stones. Tools such as knives, scythes, and wooden plows came along after a while and dominated agriculture for thousands of years. At that time, almost everyone was engaged in farming, since the limited technology of those years barely made it possible to feed a family. 3
With the advent of the industrial revolution and the development of more complex machines, farming methods took a great leap forward. Instead of harvesting cereals by hand with sharp blades, wheeled machines began to be used, which cut off large ones in one pass. Instead of manual threshing, threshers began to be used, which immediately separated the seeds from other parts of the plants. 4
Types of Agricultural Machines Combines had a chance to take all the work away from tractors, but tractors still do the bulk of the work on modern farms. They are used to move equipment - machines that plow the land, sow seeds, or perform several operations at once. Plowing machines prepare the soil for planting by loosening it, destroying weeds and competing plants. The most famous such device is the plow, an ancient tool that was greatly improved by John Deere. Nowadays, plows are used less often, as disc machines have appeared that wrap the soil layer and chisel machines that work the soil to the right depth while retaining moisture. Seeders and planters are also widespread. Planters are used for automated planting of seedlings. After planting, various machines are used for inter-row weed control, fertilizer and pesticide applications. Hay presses are used to densely pack herbs, in particular alfalfa. In addition, a wide variety of machines are used for farming, including trucks, helicopters and airplanes. 5
New technologies and the future The fundamentals of agricultural machinery technology have not changed much in the last hundred years. While today's harvesters and planters are much faster than their predecessors, $250,000 harvesters cut, thresh and separate crops the same way they did years ago. However, machine control has changed as computerized control systems, GPS navigation and self-guidance programs make modern machines more accurate and less wasteful in their use of fuel, seeds and fertilizers. For the foreseeable future, agricultural machines will be able to steer themselves using GPS navigation and electronic sensors. 6
New technologies 7
Thank you for your attention The presentation was made by a student of the Baimak Agricultural College Shangireev Rifat
Mud flow (in hydrology from Arabic sayl "stormy stream") a stream with a very high concentration of mineral particles, stones and rock fragments (up to 50-60% of the volume of the stream), suddenly arising in the basins of small mountain rivers and dry dens and usually caused by heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt. Arab hydrology. mineral rocks basins of dry dens rainfall snowmelt Mudflow is something between a liquid and a solid mass. This phenomenon is short-term (usually it lasts 13 hours), typical for small streams up to 2530 km long and with a catchment area up to km².
The speed of mudflows is on average 24 m/s, sometimes 46 m/s, which causes their great destructive effect. On their way, the streams lay deep channels, which in usual time are dry or contain small streams. Mudflow material is deposited in foothill plains. Mudflows are characterized by the advancement of its frontal part in the form of a shaft of water and sediment, or more often by the presence of a series of successively shifting shafts. The passage of the mudflow is accompanied by significant reformations of the channel.
Mudflow occurs as a result of intense and prolonged showers, rapid melting of glaciers or seasonal snow cover, as well as due to the collapse of large amounts of loose clastic material into the channel (with terrain slopes of at least 0.080.10). Deforestation in mountainous areas can be a decisive factor in the occurrence. Tree roots hold the top of the soil, which prevents the occurrence of a mudflow. slopes Sometimes mudflows occur in the basins of small mountain rivers and dry ravines with significant (at least 0.10) thalweg slopes and in the presence of large accumulations of weathering products. thalweg According to the mechanism of origin, erosion, breakthrough and landslide mudflows are distinguished.
Earthquakes As a result of earthquakes, broken fragments of glaciers or rocks can block the path of rivers, forming very unstable dams. When such a dam is destroyed, water is not discharged from it gradually, but instantly, which contributes to the accumulation of unimaginable kinetic energy by the flow.
Lahars mudflows of volcanic origin. As a result of the ejection of lava or the descent of pyroclastic flows, the snow cover and glaciers on the slopes of the volcano rapidly melt, and the resulting water mixes with ash and rocks. During the eruption of Vesuvius in 79, under the ashes of which Pompeii was buried, the city of Herculaneum filled up with a three-meter layer of mud-stone mass brought by sugar. During excavations, it was found that the mudflow shell of Herculaneum is much denser than the ash layer of Pompeii. Vesuvius Pompeii Herculaneum
Connected streams include mud-stone streams, in which water practically does not separate from the solid part. They have a large volumetric weight (up to 1.5-2.0 t/m³) and a great destructive power. Incoherent include water stone streams. Water transports clastic material and, as the speed decreases, deposits it in the channel or in the area of the alluvial fan on the foothill plain. Volumetric weight of water of stone mudflows.
Mud mudflows mixture of water with fine earth at a low concentration of stones, bulk density y=1.52 t/m³ Mudstone mudflows mixture of water, pebbles, gravel, small stones, y=2.12.5 t/m³ with predominantly large stones, y=1.11.5 t/m³
Mudflows can produce enormous destruction. The fight against mudflows is carried out mainly by fixing the soil and vegetation cover, building special hydraulic structures. To combat mudflows, preventive measures and the construction of engineering structures are being carried out. The use of certain methods of control is determined by the zones of the mudflow basin. Preventive measures are taken to prevent the occurrence of mudflow or weaken its effect at the very beginning of the process. The most radical means is afforestation on mudflow-prone mountain slopes. The forest regulates the flow, reduces the mass of water, cuts the streams into separate weakened jets. In the catchment area, it is impossible to cut down the forest and disturb the sod cover. Here it is advisable to increase the stability of the slopes by terracing, to intercept and divert water by upland ditches and earthen ramparts. In mudflow channels, dams have the greatest effect. These structures made of stone and concrete, installed across the channel, delay the mudflow and take away part of the solid material from it. The semi-dams push the flow towards the shore, which is less prone to breaking. Mudflow traps are used in the form of pits and pools laid on the path of flow; bank-protecting retaining walls are built to prevent erosion of the banks of the channel and protect buildings from the shock force of the mudflow. Efficient guiding dams and village storage. Dams direct the flow in the right direction and weaken its effect. In the areas of settlements and individual structures located in the zone of proluvium deposition, diversion channels are arranged to guide dams, the riverbed is taken into high stone banks that limit the spread of the mudflow. To protect road structures, mudflows in the form of reinforced concrete and stone trays are most rational, allowing mudflows to pass above or below the structures.
Hearing the noise of an approaching mudflow, you should immediately rise from the bottom of the hollow up the drain, not less than a meter. At the same time, you need to remember that stones of great weight that threaten life can be thrown out of the roaring stream for long distances.
Provide assistance to the victims and assistance to the formations and bodies that disassemble blockages and drifts along the path of the mudflow and in places where the main mass of the mudflow is removed. If you are injured, try to get yourself first aid. The affected areas of your body, if possible, should be kept in an elevated position, put on them ice (wet matter), a pressure bandage. See your doctor.
Serious material damage was caused to the city by a giant mudflow that hit Almaty in July 1921. A mudflow of almost 3 million m 3 swept away on its way and destroyed many buildings and caused great damage to the city. All the efforts of the working people were aimed at overcoming the grave consequences of the natural disaster, at restoring what had been destroyed in the shortest possible time.
The construction of the mudflow protection dam "Medeo" in the Medeo tract in the valley of the Malaya Almatinka River began in 1964 and was carried out with the help of blasting. The first explosion (right-bank) was made in 1966. The second explosion (left-bank) - in 1967. The rockfill dam of the first stage, 107 meters high, formed a storage facility with a capacity of 6.2 million cubic meters in the village and was put into operation in 1972. In 1973 year, the dam delayed the mudflow with a mass volume of 5.3 million cubic meters.
July 15, 1973, The entrance of the first wave of a mud-stone stream in the village of a storage facility in the Medeo tract. The mudflow hit the body of the dam and choked, filling the pit with itself.
Alexander Yuryevich Khegay, in July 1973, a member of the government commission to eliminate the consequences of mudflow, a little later appointed deputy head of the newly created department "Kazselezashchita": "If, God forbid, there was a breakthrough, then the strength of the new stream would double due to the high concentration of mudflow Then scientists calculated that the force of the stream in 1973 was 4 times higher than the force of the stream in 1921. Then a quarter of the entire urban development was destroyed, more than 500 people died. But in the early 20s, Verny was a one-story city with a small territory and population about 30 thousand people, and by the mid-70s, Alma-Ata had grown several times in territory and twenty times in terms of population - up to 750 thousand, and the city center, through which the mudflow passed in 1921, is now multi-storey. , what could have been the number of victims and the scale of destruction!When these calculations are made for today's one and a half millionth Almaty, they give the number of thousands of people living or working them on a hypothetical mudflow path"
The dam withstood the first assault, but now its siege has begun. Mudflow clogged drainage pipes. There was a real danger of overflowing the mudflow lake, which every second received up to 12 cubic meters of Almatinka water. Work on the dam began as early as 5 am on 16 July. It was necessary to use at least 12 powerful pumps, lay kilometers of pipelines. They started installing them right away. At least 10 dredgers were needed, which were not available in Alma-Ata at all, they were delivered by cargo planes from Moscow, Chelyabinsk and Orenburg, and on July 20 they began to work.
1. Material from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2. A. V. Mikheev "Nature Protection". 3. Materials from the following sites were used: Great mudflow-1973: thirty-five years later Days and nights of courage Photos from the ct.kz forum Photos from the vse.kz forum History in photos
