The most prestigious professions. What is a prestigious profession? The evolution of prestigious professions in Russia

When choosing a profession, you must also remember that it is not the place that makes the person, but the person that makes the place. Do not forget that the profession must correspond to one’s abilities and bring moral satisfaction.

The prestige of a profession is determined not only by high income and social status, but also by such indicators as stability, prospects career growth, demand in the distant future.

TOP 10 most prestigious professions in Russia:

1. Programmers, IT technology specialists. Specialists in this field are in high demand at present, and their work is well paid. The rapid development of IT technologies in Russia implies a constant demand for the profession for many years to come.
2. Entrepreneurs, businessmen. Private business if you have commercial abilities, it can bring high incomes. An additional advantage is independence from the employer.
3. A top manager is the face of the company, a senior executive, which is prestigious in itself. And it is paid accordingly. In addition to professional skills and specific knowledge in their industry, a top manager must have creative and flexible thinking, high analytical skills, and constantly learn new things. Moreover, at different periods of the company’s activity, various qualities are required from the top manager: at the start-up stage, he must prove himself to be a bright leader and successful entrepreneur; in his heyday - a far-sighted strategist; at the time of crisis - an experienced anti-crisis manager.
4. Lawyers, attorneys. The majority of the population of Russia is legally illiterate, and jurisprudence is cumbersome, so lawyers will be in constant demand. Civil lawyers are the most in demand and highly paid at all times.
5. Doctors. The profession is considered the most noble and prestigious in the whole world, but not very highly paid in Russia. The highest salary for doctors in Kamchatka.
6. Pilots and astronauts. These professions are not only prestigious, but respected, romantic and highly paid in any region of Russia.
7. Creative professions (designers, artists) are prestigious in the sense of respect and recognition. It all depends on talent, determination, and luck. As it is rightly said about creative professions: “The first half of a person’s life works for the name, the second half the name works for the person.”
8. Engineers. The prestige of this profession increases during the period of industrial development, but from a material point of view it is not the most profitable profession in Russia.
9. Bankers. All professions associated with finance are initially prestigious. Being a banker was considered prestigious at all times. It all depends on the size of the bank, position held, region, etc. Recently, it has been more prestigious to work in a state-owned bank than in a private one.
10. Economists. The prestige of the profession also depends on the place of work, position, and region. But there is no doubt that this profession is universal and in demand in any social system, in any sector of the national economy and at all levels.

When choosing a profession, you must also remember that it is not the place that makes the person, but the person that makes the place. Do not forget that the profession must correspond to one’s abilities and bring moral satisfaction. You can understand your predisposition to a certain profession at a career counseling consultation at the Elmira Davydova Center.

The most prestigious professions in the world

1. Nanotechnologies. Specialists in this field will be constantly in demand in the future. Since the industry is the most relevant government program in the developed countries of the world and is well funded, high pay The labor of nanotechnologists is guaranteed for many years to come.
2. IT specialists. This profession has been on the list of prestigious ones for many years, and in the future it is also expected to be in high demand and decent pay due to the fact that IT technology specialists ensure the functioning of almost all processes of the modern world.
3. Biotechnologists are the profession of the future in agriculture, healthcare and Food Industry. As a government program that is set to undergo rapid development, biotechnology is adequately funded. It is very prestigious to be a scientist or practitioner in this field.
4. Ecologists. Pollution problem environment It only gets worse over time. Therefore, ecologists will always be in demand not only for the purpose of cleaning the environment, but also for the development of new environmentally friendly technologies and production.
5. Marketers. Modern world oversaturated with goods and service offerings. It is impossible to do without marketers in selling them and producing new ones that consumers need.
6. Doctors of various specializations: anesthesiologists, surgeons, psychiatrists, therapists, dentists. Health is the main thing that people value and what they do not skimp on. And good doctors enjoy well-deserved respect.
7. Technical and executive directors in various industries. Creating a new competitive product or new technologies requires the ability to work with large amounts of information and coordinate the work of many hundreds of people. Such work is within the power of extraordinary individuals.
8. Lawyers. In all countries of the world, legal professionals have a prestigious status. After all, even in the age of Internet technology, when books on legislation are available to anyone, not everyone can understand their cumbersome intricacies.
9. Pilots. Airline passengers initially respect the professionals they trust with their lives. A modern aircraft is a super-complex machine, the control of which requires serious technical knowledge, excellent physical fitness, psychological stability, and the ability to quickly make responsible decisions.
10. A financial market analyst is a specialist who has information about price fluctuations and the relationship between supply and demand in the market. He can give competent advice on transactions on financial markets and forecast for the future.

Choosing a profession is a difficult matter. After all, what a person’s future will be like depends on the decision made. Therefore, for most people, such a choice is very difficult, especially given the frequent changes in the labor market. And in order to make this process a little easier, let's look at the most prestigious professions, according to Russians. At the same time, we will not focus only on the positive aspects, but will also discuss all the pitfalls that can be expected along the way.

Choice of profession

If in the old days the Russian ranking of professions was very different from the foreign one, today everything has changed dramatically. The reason for this is the ubiquitous progress, which equalizes all countries of the world. In addition, this means that the top professions in Russia will not change much in the near future.

It follows from this that, having mastered one of the following specialties, a person can be calm about his future. After all, having the necessary skills, he will be in demand both at home and abroad. So, let's list the most prestigious professions in Russia.

No. 1. Banker

Even in Soviet times, many considered working in a bank to be very prestigious. After perestroika, not much has changed - most people still respect bankers. In addition, bank employees receive a good salary, which is a constant advantage of this profession.

However, there are also disadvantages. In particular, the concept of “banker” is very vague, and not everyone is aware of the fact that it equally applies to both the head of a financial institution and a simple clerk. And often a person has to go through seven circles of hell before he can get to the top of the career ladder.

No. 2. Medic

A very prestigious job. The doctor was always respected. And what’s surprising here, because until humanity overcomes all diseases, health workers will be relevant. The obvious benefits include a good salary, useful connections and the opportunity to help people. In addition, good specialists can get a job in a private clinic, which will further increase their monthly income.

But you should remember that doctors have the longest training period. Also, these specialists are always responsible for human life, which in itself is a great test.

No. 3. Entrepreneur

When discussing the most prestigious professions in Russia, one cannot ignore entrepreneurs. Today this type of activity is very popular. Almost every second Russian has thought about opening his own business at least once in his life.
Unfortunately, the reality is that only a few become successful entrepreneurs. And in the future, no one will be able to guarantee that the business will not “burn out.”

No. 4. Programmer

More recently, Russia lagged far behind the rest of the world in the field of IT technologies. However, today things are completely different: in the last year alone, the demand for programmers has grown two and a half times. And this trend will continue in the future, because the Russian market has just begun to develop, which means that the technical boom is still ahead.

Among the disadvantages, the difficulty of learning should be noted. Thus, a specialist needs to master not only the basic programming languages, but also learn mind-blowing control. After all, in order to bring a program to its successful release, it is necessary to tirelessly search for and correct errors in the embedded code for several months on end.

No. 5. Lawyer

Legal experts never sit idle. For example, lawyers are always able to provide themselves and their families not only with material benefits, but also with significant legal protection. The same can be said about other areas of this profession: notaries, prosecutors, judges, legal consultants, and so on.

However, you should understand that there is very tough competition in this area. Because of this, what educational institution he graduated from and who his mentor was plays a big role in a lawyer’s future.

No. 6. Marketer

Considering the most prestigious professions in the world, you constantly come across one fact: marketers are popular in all corners of the planet today. This is due to the fact that entrepreneurs have finally realized how important advertising is in attracting new customers. Therefore in all large companies We have our own departments dedicated to marketing strategies. As for small businesses, they very often resort to the services of advertising agencies.

But, again, a good marketer must have a keen sense of all the needs of customers, and not everyone can learn this. In addition, any failure affects not only the specialist’s reputation, but also the organization where he works.

No. 7. Engineer

Today, the Russian labor market is in dire need of competent engineers. It just so happens that every year fewer and fewer students enroll in technical faculties. On the one hand, this has a bad effect on the overall development of industry in the country, and on the other hand, it forces employers to increase the salaries of engineers so that they do not go to competitors.

Oddly enough, this profession has the fewest disadvantages. You should only remember that studying at engineering and technical faculties requires complete dedication. After all, this is the only way to master all the material that will allow you to become an excellent specialist in the future.

* This work is not a scientific work, is not a final qualification work and is the result of processing, structuring and formatting the collected information intended for use as a source of material for independent preparation of educational works.

Introduction.

Chapter Ι Theoretical aspects of studying the characteristics of professional self-determination of students.

1.1 The concept of the prestige of the profession.

1.2 Basic approaches to defining the concept of “professional self-determination”.

1.3 Professional self-determination of students.

1.4 Professional suitability.

Conclusion on chapter 1.

Chapter ΙΙ Experimental study of the influence of the prestige of the profession on the professional self-determination of students.

2.1 Subject population and research methods.

2.2 Analysis and interpretation of results.

Conclusion on Chapter ΙΙ.

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Applications.

Introduction

Choosing a profession is a difficult and responsible step in the life of every person, on which his future fate largely depends, and this is the relevance of the topic I have chosen. Choosing the right profession means finding your place in life; Haste and frivolity can upset life aspirations and make a person unhappy. The need for career guidance services has appeared in society quite a long time ago. This year marks exactly 100 years since the first career guidance office opened in Strasbourg, France. Everyone is well aware that by the beginning of the 20th century, due to the rapid growth of industrial production in a number of countries, many people began to migrate to cities in search of work. A significant number of people are faced with a real problem of freedom of choice. It was then that specialists began to be in demand to help people choose a profession. The problem of freedom of choice even today makes career guidance work necessary and in demand in the services market.

In my opinion, there is practically no profession into which a student could “step” without preliminary psychological work on himself. There is no such individual psychophysiological organization that, even before the start of professional activity, would be both in general and in individual functions corresponding to this activity. An individualized structure of abilities that meets the requirements of a certain activity is formed only in the process of this activity and thanks to the efforts of the person himself.

In choosing a profession and preparing for it, the role of motivation, perseverance, activity, and independence of students themselves is great. Professional consultation is a kind of catalyst for the large and often lengthy independent work that a student must carry out. Choosing a profession cannot be considered as a one-time event resulting from a psychological examination. It involves a lot of cognitive work, studying oneself, and, to a certain extent, remaking oneself in accordance with what the profession requires of a person.

The object of research is the professional self-determination of students. The subject of the study is the prestige factor of the profession, which influences the professional self-determination of students.

Purpose of the study: to determine the influence of the prestige factor of the profession on the professional self-determination of students.

The main objectives of my course project:

1. Understand the prestige of the profession for students;

2. Selection of research methods;

3. Processing of research results;

Hypothesis - professional self-determination is a difficult and responsible step in the life of every person, on which his future fate largely depends.

Chapter Ι Theoretical aspects of studying the characteristics of professional self-determination of students.

1.1 The concept of the prestige of a profession

It has long been known that prestige is the most important criterion for professional choice. A distinctive feature of prestige is the degree of respect for a given object, as well as the influence of the person who has mastered this object or this activity. In an era of changing social system, in which Russia is not very well, the problem of the prestige of the chosen activity has a special meaning. As is known, during critical historical epochs, the social mobility of the population increases, namely, the transition from one social sphere to another becomes noticeably easier. The former “elite” sharply reduces their mental abilities and activity. And on the contrary, some of those people who previously belonged to the “lower” strata of society quickly become rich and gain social influence. In particular, the emergence of the so-called “new Russians” in Russia is, first of all, a trend of the “new elite”.

Basically, a young man chooses this particular profession not because he is attracted labor process and its contents (he still doesn’t really know, hasn’t felt all the advantages and disadvantages of the chosen professions), the young man rather chooses a certain way of life, where a profession is only one of the means of building his happiness. This is precisely what explains the choice of professions such as lawyer or economist by many teenagers and young people: these professions themselves are unlikely to interest most young people (working with regulations and financial reports is still an acquired taste), but these are precisely the ones professions still allow a person to earn a lot and build a certain, “rich”, “comfortable”, and the most necessary thing - a “prestigious” lifestyle.

A teenager who is self-determined runs the risk of making a mistake in his choice when the prestige of professions changes: he was guided by prestige and “elitism”, but ended up among the so-called losers, in the mass of a huge number of unclaimed specialists.

Just getting teenagers to think about the future is not enough. We need to provide them with a means of thinking about these difficult problems. But these problems are indeed the most complex and important, since we are talking about social forecasting. If you don’t understand in time where our country is heading, you can make a big mistake with your professional choice, because... It is unclear in which “space” to define oneself.

  1.2 Basic approaches to defining the concept of “professional self-determination”

The most important criterion for the awareness and productivity of a person’s professional development is his ability to seek personal meaning in professional work, to also create his own professional career, to make timely decisions about the choice of profession, specialty and place of work. Such things make a person pay attention throughout his life. Constantly clarifying one’s place in the world of professions, understanding one’s own professional role, attitude towards work, the organizational environment and oneself become important aspects of a person’s life.

Professional development is a large part of human ontogenesis, which covers the period from the beginning of the formation of professional intentions to the end of professional life. In this heterochronic process, the stages of option can be distinguished, vocational education and training, professional adaptation, professionalism and skill. Briefly, professional development can be defined as the “shaping” of the personality, adequate to the activity, and the individualization of the activity by the personality.

The individual faces problems that require analysis of their own professional achievements, making decisions when choosing a profession.

It is worth mentioning researchers who consider the problem of professional self-determination; then I will pay attention to statements from their works to determine my own position on this issue.

A. Maslow proposed the concept of professional development and identified self-actualization as a central concept as a person’s desire to improve, express, and prove himself in a matter that is significant to him. In his concept, synonyms for the concept of “self-determination” are “self-actualization”, “self-realization” and “self-realization”. P.G. Shchedrovitsky considers self-determination as a person’s desire to build himself, his individuality, how to be able to rethink his own essence.

Analyzing in more detail the statements of E.A. Klimov, we see that he views self-determination as an important manifestation of mental development, as an active search for its possibilities, becoming a full-fledged participant in the community of “doers” of something useful, a community of professionals.

An integral part of the concept is Klimov’s idea that the observable and conscious process of making a final decision on the choice of a vocational educational institution or field of work may seem instantaneous. This is only the imaginary effect of events.

In the previous years of development, the individual developed a certain attitude towards different spheres of work, an idea of ​​​​many professions and a reassessment of his capabilities, which characterizes the state of readiness for the next professional self-determination.

Summarizing Klimov's reasoning, we can draw the following conclusion: professional self-determination does not come down to a one-time act of choosing a profession and does not end with the final stage of professional training in the chosen specialty, it continues throughout the entire professional career.

Professional and personal self-determination became the subject of research by N.S. Pryazhnikov.

Pryazhnikov significantly enriched the theory and practice of professional self-determination. He constantly drew attention to the inextricable connection between professional self-determination and a person’s self-realization in other important areas of life.

Exploring the professional self-determination of the individual, Pryazhnikov substantiated the content-based procedural model:

Awareness of the value of socially useful work and the need for professional training.

Orientation in the socio-economic situation and forecasting the prestige of the chosen work.

General orientation in the world of professional work and highlighting a professional goal - a dream.

Definition of short-term professional goals as stages and paths to a distant goal.

Information about professions and specialties, relevant vocational educational institutions and places of employment.

An idea of ​​the obstacles that complicate the achievement of professional goals, as well as knowledge of one’s strengths that contribute to the implementation of planned plans and prospects.

Availability of a system of backup options in case of failure in the main option of self-determination.

Summarizing the analysis of the professional development of the individual, we can highlight the main points of this process:

1. Professional self-determination is the selective attitude of an individual to the world of professions in general and to a specific chosen profession.

2. The core of professional self-determination is the conscious choice of profession, taking into account one’s characteristics and capabilities, the requirements of professional activity and socio-economic conditions.

3. Professional self-determination is carried out throughout the entire professional life: the individual constantly reflects, rethinks his professional existence and asserts himself in the profession.

4. The actualization of a person’s professional self-determination is initiated by various kinds of events, such as graduation from a secondary school, a vocational educational institution, a change of residence, etc.

5. Professional self-determination is an important characteristic of the socio-psychological maturity of an individual, his need for self-realization and self-actualization.

Thus, in this section we have studied approaches to defining the concept of “professional self-determination”. Previously, we summarized the analysis of the professional development of the individual and highlighted the main points of this process.

  1.3 Professional self-determination of students

By the time they graduate from school, girls and boys from many imaginary professions are ultimately required to choose the options that are most suitable for them. Caring about their future, they understand that well-being and success in life, first of all, will depend on the right choice professions.

Young people who have received vocational training are faced with employment issues. To determine the level of professional preparedness and requirements of a person’s profession, professional selection is carried out in a number of specialties. The implementation of this gives rise to many new problems: it is necessary to establish the normative characteristics of the profession, to determine the psychological properties and qualities necessary to perform this activity.

A person faces vital problems throughout his life. The ability to find personal meaning in professional work, to independently design and create one’s professional life, to responsibly make decisions about choosing a profession, specialty and place of work is the most important criterion for the awareness and productivity of a person’s professional development. Personality is constantly improving. This means that at different moments of its development the same tasks of prof. definitions are resolved and interpreted in their own way. Constantly understanding one’s socio-professional role, clarifying one’s place in the world of professions (or a specific profession), attitudes towards professional work, the team and oneself become important aspects of a person’s life. Sometimes a feeling of alienation from the profession arises, a person begins to be burdened by it, and experiences dissatisfaction with his professional position and the results of his work. There are frequent cases of forced change of workplace.

Concepts such as “personality”, “professional activity”, “professional development of personality”, “profession” and “professional self-determination” play an important role. Let's consider the interpretation of these concepts. In psychology, there are several definitions of personality. In humanistic psychological concepts, personality is a person as a value for the sake of which the entire society develops.

Unfortunately, the concept of professional personality development in psychology has not yet been fully established. We will further consider formation as a process of progressive change in personality under the influence of social influences. Formation necessarily presupposes the presence of a need for development and self-development, the possibility and reality of its satisfaction, as well as the need for professional self-preservation.

Exploring the professional self-determination of an individual, N.S. Pryazhnikov substantiated the following content-process model:

1. Awareness of the value of socially useful work and the need for professional training (the value and moral basis of self-determination).

2. Orientation in the socio-economic situation and forecasting the prestige...of the chosen...work.

3. General orientation in the world of professional work and identification of professional..goals..—..dreams.

4. Definition of short-term professional goals as stages and paths to a distant goal.

5. Information about professions and specialties, relevant vocational educational institutions and places of employment.

6. An idea of ​​the obstacles that complicate the achievement of professional goals, as well as knowledge of one’s strengths that contribute to the implementation of planned plans and prospects.

7. Availability of a system of backup options in case of failure in the main option of self-determination.

8. The beginning of the practical implementation of personal professional prospects and constant adjustment of planned plans based on the principle of feedback.

The success of professional work is called the professional development of the subject of activity. Thus, it can be noted that the professional development of a subject is part of a person’s ontogenesis from the beginning of the formation of professional intentions to the completion of active professional activity.

Professional development of personality replenishes the psyche, enriches a person’s life with special meaning, and gives significance to a professional biography. Professional development is accompanied by changes: deformations, stagnation and personality crises. Because of these changes, there is discontinuity and unevenness in the professional development of the individual; they are normative and non-normative in nature. Professional development is necessarily accompanied by unforeseen circumstances that radically change the trajectory of a person’s professional life.

A team whose members are of different ages, adaptation to professional activity, and mastering a new social role give rise to a new list of problems. The changed professional situation stimulates the formation of new psychological properties and qualities. A radical restructuring of the psychological structure of the individual is taking place, as the existing coordinate system of human life changes. Instead of the previous system “school - family - society”, a new situation arises, determined by the coordinates “profession - family - socio-economic conditions”.

Based on an assessment of their abilities, the prestige of the profession and the content of its work, as well as the socio-economic situation, girls and boys, first of all, self-determinate in the ways of obtaining vocational education and backup options for joining professional work. Thus, for older teenagers and for girls and boys, educational and professional self-determination is relevant - a conscious choice of paths to vocational education and training.

The secondary school with its romantic aspirations and professionally oriented dreams is a thing of the past. However, many experience dissatisfaction and disappointment in their choice of educational and professional field. Attempts are being made to make adjustments to the professional start.

The formation of professional intentions of schoolchildren goes through several stages. The first stage (grades 1-6) is the primary choice, during which poorly differentiated ideas about the world of professions are familiar to students only by name and some external features. This stage is also characterized by an inadequate, often vague, idea of ​​one’s own resources and their capabilities. further development. The primary choice of profession applies to students younger age when there are no expressed interests and inclinations, an easy change of interests occurs, no questions arise about the content of the profession, working conditions, prestige, remuneration, etc. Sometimes teenagers also linger at this stage, although already from ninth-graders the social situation requires a concrete decision about choosing their life path.

The next stage (7-11) is the stage of professional self-determination, and here the student must independently formulate for himself the task of choosing a future professional activity, taking into account the available psychological and psychophysiological resources.

According to E.A. Klimov, there are eight angles to the situation of choosing a profession. After all, the student takes into account information not only about the characteristics of various professions, but also a lot of other information.

Position of senior family members. Of course, the care of elders future profession their child is clear - they are responsible for how his life turns out.

It is not uncommon for parents to provide their child with complete freedom of choice, thereby demanding independence, responsibility, and initiative from him. It happens that parents do not agree with the child’s choice, suggesting that they reconsider their plans and make a different choice, considering that he is still small. Choosing the right profession is often hampered by the attitudes of parents, who strive for their children to compensate for their shortcomings in the future, in activities in which they were not able to fully express themselves.

Children agree with the advice of their parents, in most cases, counting on the support of their parents when entering any educational institution - observations show. At the same time, children, of course, forget that they, and not their parents, will have to work in this specialty.

Peer position. The friendships of students are strong and their influence on the choice of profession is not excluded, since the attention of their peers to their professional future also increases. It is the position of a microgroup that can become decisive in professional self-determination.

Position of teachers, school teachers, class teacher. Each teacher, observing the behavior of a student, “penetrates with thought behind the facade of a person’s external manifestations, makes a kind of diagnosis regarding the interests, inclinations, thoughts, character, abilities, and preparedness of the student.” The teacher knows a lot of information that is unknown to the student.

Personal professional plans. In human life, ideas about the near and distant future play an important role. A professional plan or image, mental image, and its features depend on the person’s mentality and character. It contains the main goal and goals for the future, ways and means of achieving them. But plans are different and what they are depends on the person.

Capabilities. The abilities and talents of a high school student must be considered not only in studies, but also in all other types of socially valuable activity, since it is the abilities that include future professional suitability.

Level of claims to public recognition. The first stage of professional training is the realistic expectations of the student.

Awareness. Important, undistorted information is an important factor in choosing a profession.

Tendencies. Tendencies are manifested and formed in activity. By consciously engaging in different types of activities, a person can change his hobbies, and therefore his directions. This is important for students, because before professional hobbies- the path to the future.

Students strive to choose the type of activity that would correspond to their understanding of their own capabilities.

Without self-esteem, it is impossible to outline the right program for self-development; it is difficult to choose a job that you like.

Students cannot evaluate themselves objectively. Some people tend to overestimate themselves, while others do the opposite. Of course, those who believe that students only overestimate themselves are wrong, as well as those who believe that they underestimate themselves. They are characterized by both options.

Students who choose a profession are guided by the presence, first of all, of moral-volitional, then intellectual, and only then organizational qualities.

For high school graduates, choosing a profession is a serious step. But the problem is that they do not understand the psychological foundations of professional self-determination. Most boys and girls lack general knowledge of personality psychology; it is difficult for them to understand their interests, abilities, qualities and character traits. Their ideas about personality often remain at the level of everyday life. Now it can be argued that psychological education as a condition for the formation of objective self-esteem is very necessary for high school students.

Adequate self-esteem is not available to all students. Basically, they tend to either underestimate themselves or overestimate themselves. When overvalued, the level of aspirations is lower than the available capabilities. A career choice made on this basis leads to disappointment. Low self-esteem also negatively affects the choice of profession and personal development.

Thus, in this paragraph we studied the professional self-determination of students and identified the main factors that influence the choice of profession.

1.4 Professional suitability

When analyzing a person’s professional suitability and performance, a huge number of questions arise. Implementation in market economy creates a problem of professional suitability and competitiveness of workers.

A huge number of problems arise due to unemployment. Psychological tension increases due to uncertainty about the future. For many unemployed people, retraining will become important. A new profession requires changes in professional habits, qualities and traits. In addition to qualified professional consultation, correction of professional development will be needed. Any problems need psychological support employment services.

As the experience of career counseling work has shown, students who hesitate to choose a profession often turn to a psychologist with a request to determine what type of activity they are most capable of, expecting to receive advice on their professional suitability. Confusion often arises due to the fact that modern students do not have a complete, established idea of ​​what professional suitability is and as a result of which it arises, due to the inability to evaluate themselves, their abilities, and capabilities.

Psychologists (K.M. Gurevich) divide all professions into 2 large groups. Type 1 professions require absolute professional suitability. It's important to know what this means. People with certain psychophysiological and psychological characteristics are suitable for them (we will discuss them later), but for other people, effective and high-quality work in them is practically unattainable. This, for example, is the work of various types of operators, test pilots, firefighters, etc. There are relatively few such professions, and the bulk of them make up the second group. Professions of the 2nd type do not make strict, absolute demands on the psychophysiological characteristics of a person, which allows almost any healthy person to master them. These professions are professions with relative vocational suitability. People with different individual psychophysiological characteristics may be located here, but the options for their adaptation to the profession will be different. Each person in the process of activity develops an individual style of activity. Having your own individual style allows you to compensate for some of the shortcomings of natural features. In other cases, workers choose the most suitable job positions for themselves (as in the medical profession). It is through the development of individuality regarding activity that almost any person can master a profession of the second type. Professions of the first type require strict selection and therefore a detailed study of the psychophysiological characteristics of a person, such as strength, balance, mobility of the nervous system (NS). The strength of nervous processes characterizes the ability of the nervous system to withstand heavy loads and stimuli. This is a natural feature that shows the level of endurance and performance. The balance of nervous processes, such as excitation and inhibition, regulate their relationships, i.e. they can either be balanced among themselves - of equal strength, or one of them prevails, dominates.

The characteristics of the NS listed above are innate, or formal-dynamic features of the psyche. It is impossible to characterize the properties and types of NS in a positive or negative way. Strength and weakness, balance or imbalance, mobility and inertia appear only in extreme situations. These natural characteristics of a person, his NS, as a rule, are masked by experience. With any pronounced features of NS, a person can achieve a high level of social and professional achievements in professions of the second type.

This can be demonstrated with examples. Many people with a weak nervous system have higher sensitivity compared to “strong” ones, cope better with monotonous and monotonous work, and are focused on high accuracy in performing work. Therefore, it is easier for them to master such professions as, for example, a taster, where high sensitivity is required, or a diamond cutter, where the highest precision is required, as well as some artistic professions.

People with a strong nervous system can correctly assess the situation in a difficult situation, maintain composure and restraint, and take the necessary actions. A strong nervous system is characterized by high efficiency of nerve cells and their ability to withstand extremely strong stimuli. In particular, the strength of the NS ensures a person’s psychological and emotional resistance to the effects of super-strong stimuli, thereby increasing the reliability of his work in extreme situations.

Conclusion on Chapter 1

Having considered aspects of the characteristics of professional self-determination and the influence of the prestige of the profession on this, we will draw the following conclusions.

Professional self-determination is an individual’s emotionally charged attitude towards his position in the field of professions. Professional self-determination is an important factor in the self-realization of an individual in a specific profession and in culture in general. The constant search for one’s place in the world of professions allows the individual to find an area of ​​activity for ultimate realization.

At the stage of adolescence, a choice of profession occurs on the basis of knowledge of one’s capabilities, abilities, inclinations, as well as the state of the labor market. The choice of profession can be influenced by a number of factors that were identified by E.A. Klimov, such as: the position of parents, the position of comrades, the position of teachers, personal professional plans, abilities, level of aspirations, awareness and inclinations.

The problem of choosing a profession is not an easy test for university students. Many people have to think and take a serious step for the first time in their lives. The future fate of the student will depend on the correct choice of profile.

Self-knowledge and self-esteem influence correct professional self-determination. If they are not correct, incorrect self-determination occurs. Unfortunately, correct self-assessment is available to a small number of students. Basically, they tend to either overestimate themselves or underestimate themselves.

The prestige of a profession is determined by the content (share of creative functions, creative functions, creative character) of this type of work and the degree of popularity of the profession. Work that involves monotonous manual operations or does not provide prospects for career growth determines the low prestige of the corresponding professions. When it comes to prestige and popularity, we should not forget about socio-psychological factors. Even the name of the profession matters here: there are cases when changing it significantly increased the prestige of a given profession.

The list of aspects by which the most prestigious profession is determined is varied. It contains the conditions and level of salary, confidence in the stability of your position, the opportunity for creativity, a free work schedule, opportunities for career advancement, access to power, work abroad, independence, etc.

Chapter ΙΙ Experimental study of the influence of the prestige of the profession on the professional self-determination of students.

2.1 Subject population and research methods

My subjects are students of higher educational institutions. I applied a number of methods to them, with the help of which I revealed how much the prestige of a profession influences its choice.

The main research methods are: the questionnaire of professional aptitudes (modified by G.V. Rezapkina), the DDO Klimov questionnaire, the method of J. Holland (see appendices).

The questionnaire consists of sentences that must be completed with one of those options. Simple and easy to process and interpret, the technique reveals professional inclinations and the degree of their expression.

Questioning is an empirical method of obtaining information based on answers to specially prepared questions that make up a questionnaire. The survey material is subjected to qualitative and quantitative processing. Questioning can be either group or individual.

Testing is a psychodiagnostic method of using standardized test techniques to identify and quantify the level of development of cognitive, intellectual, typological and personal characteristics of students and teachers, the structure of interpersonal relationships and interaction in teams.

  2.2 Analysis and interpretation of results

In this chapter we will consider the results obtained, analyze them and draw conclusions.

In our case, there were fifteen subjects who were asked to answer the questions of a questionnaire of professional aptitudes; after processing the results, the results of each subject were calculated separately.

The dominant column turned out to be No. 6. Thus, we can conclude that the majority of subjects are characterized by a tendency towards planned economic activities. Professions related to calculations and planning (accountant, economist); office work, text analysis and transformation (editor, translator, linguist); schematic representation of objects (draftsman, topographer). These professions require a person to be attentive to details, collected and neat.

When choosing a profession, it is important to consider your inclinations. Addiction is an attraction to an activity.

The Differential Diagnostic Questionnaire (DDI) was developed under the leadership of E.A. Klimov (see Appendix 2) and is intended to determine the interests and inclinations of a person. It can be used in the work of career consultants of employment services and psychologists in career guidance for adolescents and adults and in selection for training in various types of professions.

The methodology is based on the classification of professions proposed by E.A. Klimov according to the subject of labor to which they (professions) are directed.

The technique is a questionnaire of twenty questions.

Each question contains two alternative options (“a” and “b”).

The subject must choose only one type in each of the 20 pairs of proposed activities. Based on the results of the survey, in accordance with the key, a person’s orientation towards 5 types of professions is revealed, according to the classification of E.A. Klimov:

1. man - nature;

2. man - technology;

3. person - person;

4. man - iconic technique, iconic image;

5. a person is an artistic image.

Let us now consider the results of the questionnaire presented in Table No. 2, after which we will draw conclusions based on its results.

Analyzing the results of average values, for the entire sample of students, one can note the predominance of a humanitarian orientation in the choice of field of activity.

The focus on the sphere of activity Human-Man prevails over the focus on the sphere of activity Human-Technology. At the same time, the leading personality type is social, and the least significant are the realistic and entrepreneurial personality types. Perhaps this is due to age characteristics: the leading activity at this age is the development of relationships with people, society and the assimilation of the norms of these relationships. The sample can be considered as representative, since educational success among university students is similar in both the humanities and natural sciences.

Conducting comparative analysis Based on the average values ​​of the indicators in the sample of boys and girls, a number of statistically significant differences were found between the average values ​​of the measured indicators.

This confirmed the differences we obtained in our qualitative analysis. The focus on the Human-Technology field of activity is higher among boys than among girls. And the focus on the sphere of activity Human-Human is higher among girls than among boys.

Thus, boys are most focused on such areas of activity as technology and the sign system, and girls are more focused on people and the artistic image. This is due to the fact that adolescents classify many professions by gender as female and less often as male. Such ideas of adolescents about professions as feminine or masculine also affects their value orientations and professional self-determination.

J. Holland's technique (see Appendix 3) - the technique is an example of a subjective typological approach to the study of personality. This test designed to study a person’s professional interests and preferences. It will help correlate aptitudes, abilities and interests with various, specific professions.

The test form shows a wide range of interests and attitudes. Of the two proposed professions, you must choose one that is most interesting to the subject and mark it with a cross on the answer form. Then move on to the second two professions, also noting the one that interests you the most.

Analyzing the predominant personality type in a sample of students, we see that boys have a more realistic personality type than girls. And at the same time, girls have a more pronounced social personality type compared to boys.

Among the subjects, 61% of people have decided on their future profession, while the rest have not yet made this choice. Still, 39% of students from the team under consideration is quite a large number.

University teachers should take a number of measures to enhance professional self-determination.

The activating technique is in many ways close to the gaming technique, but it also has its own characteristics. The main characteristics of the activating professional consulting methodology are the following:

1. Interesting, exciting procedure for students.

2. Personal significance of the issues discussed in the methodology.

3. Voluntary participation in the procedure of this technique.

4. Two-plane action, implying, on the one hand, a plan of real actions, and on the other hand, a plan of fictitious actions.

Let's consider just some of the techniques that activate professional self-determination:

Career guidance games with a group are designed for real working conditions at a university: many games are played as part of a pair; require high work dynamics; have a more “modest” effect than longer “therapeutic” consultations.

Activating career guidance questionnaires are more of a “game of tests”, since the main goal is to make you think about those issues that, when discussed in a discussion mode or in an ordinary conversation, seem “boring”; in the activating questionnaire, these complex questions are simply included in the activity of filling out the form.

Just as a set of measures aimed at helping students choose a profession, one should take advantage of career counseling - this is the “orientation” of the student.

Students of a higher educational institution should take their choice of profession more seriously and begin to think about their future profession in advance.

When choosing a future profession, they should take into account a number of important factors:

1. Tendencies.

2. Abilities.

3. Motives for professional activity.

4. State of health.

If these and a number of other factors are not taken into account, then the wrong choice of profession may occur, which will lead to disappointment during the period of study and students will not want to work in their chosen specialty.

  Conclusion on Chapter ΙΙ

During the experiment, I studied professional inclinations and the degree of their expression. With the help of Klimov's DDO, a classification of professions was carried out according to the subject of labor. A study was conducted of the professional interests and preferences of students.

Thus, having considered the results obtained, we can conclude that factors such as abilities, inclinations, objects of work, health and prestige are quite strong factors influencing professional self-determination. As for other factors, they have a weak impact on professional self-determination.

The test results obtained can be used in career guidance for university students, in organizing a person-centered approach in the learning process, to increase motivation in individual subjects related to the area of ​​choice of future professional activity.

There is no profession that a student could “step into” without preliminary psychological work on himself. There is no such individual psychophysiological organization that, even before the start of professional activity, would appear both in general and in individual functions corresponding to this activity. An individualized structure of abilities that meets the requirements of a certain activity is formed only in the process of this activity and thanks to the efforts of the person himself.

In choosing a profession and preparing for it, the role of motivation, perseverance, activity, and independence of the students themselves is great. Professional consultation is a kind of catalyst for the large and often lengthy independent work that a student must carry out. Choosing a profession cannot be considered as a one-time event resulting from a psychological examination. It involves a lot of cognitive work, studying oneself, and, to a certain extent, remaking oneself in accordance with what the profession requires of a person.

  Conclusion

In conclusion, I would like to note that professional activity occupies an important place in the life of every person. From the first steps of a child, parents think about his future, closely monitor the interests and inclinations of their child, trying to predetermine his professional destiny.

For young people who have entered a vocational educational institution, the problem of choosing a profession has not been completely resolved. Some of them are disappointed in the correctness of their choice already in the first year of study, others - at the beginning of independent professional activity, and others - after 3 - 5 years of work in the profession.

The problem of professional development became relevant at the beginning of the 20th century. Until this time, there was no free choice of professions. The professional life of people was limited by class traditions, as well as the patriarchal structure of society. The Industrial Revolution led to the emergence of a labor market and new professions. Huge masses of people are faced with the problem of finding a job and being professionally prepared for it.

The research I conducted set itself the goal of studying prestige as a factor in students’ professional self-determination. The hypothesis was that professional self-determination is a difficult and responsible step in the life of every person, on which his future fate largely depends, and the professional self-determination of an individual is influenced by the prestige of the profession.

To prove our hypothesis, I studied approaches to the concept of professional self-determination, the features of professional self-determination of students, based on an experiment, I identified factors influencing the choice of profession and concluded that:

1. Professional self-determination is an emotionally charged attitude of an individual to his place in the world of professions. The professional self-determination of an individual is influenced by social conditions, prestige and interpersonal relationships in the team.

2. Professional self-determination is important factor self-realization of the individual in a specific profession and in culture in general.

3. At the stage of adolescence, a real choice of profession occurs based on knowledge of one’s capabilities, inclinations, abilities, as well as the state of the labor market. The choice of profession can be influenced by a number of factors identified by E.A. Klimov, such as: the position of parents, the position of comrades, the position of teachers, personal professional plans, abilities, level of aspirations, awareness and inclinations.

4. A wrong choice cannot be ruled out; in this case, many experience dissatisfaction and disappointment in their choice of educational and professional field.

5. The correctness of professional self-determination is influenced by self-knowledge and self-esteem. If they are wrong, incorrect self-determination occurs. The research results showed that the majority of subjects are characterized by a tendency towards planned economic activities; boys have a more realistic personality type than girls; One can also note the predominance of humanitarian orientation in the choice of field of activity.

Thus, we can say that the goal of the work was achieved and the research hypothesis was confirmed.

Based on the results of the experimental study, we can conclude that factors such as abilities, subject of work, parental influence, prestige and health are quite strong factors influencing the professional self-determination of students. As for other factors, they have a weak influence on professional self-determination, but despite this, their influence should not be completely discarded.

Bibliography

1. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1975

2. Zeer E.F. Psychology of professions. - M.: Academic project; Ekaterinburg. 2003

3. Klimov E.A. Psychological and pedagogical problems of professional consultation. - M.: 1983. - No. 2.

When choosing a profession, you must also remember that it is not the place that makes the person, but the person that makes the place. Do not forget that the profession must correspond to one’s abilities and bring moral satisfaction.

The prestige of a profession is determined not only by high income and social status, but also by such indicators as stability, prospects for career growth, and demand in the distant future.

TOP 10 most prestigious professions in Russia:

1. Programmers, IT technology specialists. Specialists in this field are in high demand at present, and their work is well paid. The rapid development of IT technologies in Russia implies a constant demand for the profession for many years to come.
2. Entrepreneurs, businessmen. Private business, if it has commercial capabilities, can generate high income. An additional advantage is independence from the employer.
3. A top manager is the face of the company, a senior executive, which is prestigious in itself. And it is paid accordingly. In addition to professional skills and specific knowledge in their industry, a top manager must have creative and flexible thinking, high analytical skills, and constantly learn new things. Moreover, at different periods of the company’s activity, various qualities are required from a top manager: at the start-up stage, he must prove himself to be a bright leader and a successful entrepreneur; in his heyday - a far-sighted strategist; at the time of crisis - an experienced anti-crisis manager.
4. Lawyers, attorneys. The majority of the population of Russia is legally illiterate, and jurisprudence is cumbersome, so lawyers will be in constant demand. Civil lawyers are the most in demand and highly paid at all times.
5. Doctors. The profession is considered the most noble and prestigious in the whole world, but not very highly paid in Russia. The highest salary for doctors in Kamchatka.
6. Pilots and astronauts. These professions are not only prestigious, but respected, romantic and highly paid in any region of Russia.
7. Creative professions (designers, artists) are prestigious in the sense of respect and recognition. It all depends on talent, determination, and luck. As it is rightly said about creative professions: “The first half of a person’s life works for the name, the second half the name works for the person.”
8. Engineers. The prestige of this profession increases during the period of industrial development, but from a material point of view it is not the most profitable profession in Russia.
9. Bankers. All professions associated with finance are initially prestigious. Being a banker was considered prestigious at all times. It all depends on the size of the bank, position held, region, etc. Recently, it has been more prestigious to work in a state-owned bank than in a private one.
10. Economists. The prestige of the profession also depends on the place of work, position, and region. But there is no doubt that this profession is universal and in demand in any social system, in any sector of the national economy and at all levels.

When choosing a profession, you must also remember that it is not the place that makes the person, but the person that makes the place. Do not forget that the profession must correspond to one’s abilities and bring moral satisfaction. You can understand your predisposition to a certain profession at a career counseling consultation at the Elmira Davydova Center.

The most prestigious professions in the world

1. Nanotechnologies. Specialists in this field will be constantly in demand in the future. Since the industry is the most relevant government program in the developed countries of the world and is well funded, high wages for nanotechnologists are guaranteed for many years to come.
2. IT specialists. This profession has been on the list of prestigious ones for many years, and in the future it is also expected to be in high demand and decent pay due to the fact that IT technology specialists ensure the functioning of almost all processes of the modern world.
3. Biotechnologists are the profession of the future in agriculture, healthcare and the food industry. As a government program that is set to undergo rapid development, biotechnology is adequately funded. It is very prestigious to be a scientist or practitioner in this field.
4. Ecologists. The problem of environmental pollution is only getting worse over time. Therefore, ecologists will always be in demand not only for the purpose of cleaning the environment, but also for the development of new environmentally friendly technologies and production.
5. Marketers. The modern world is oversaturated with goods and service offerings. It is impossible to do without marketers in selling them and producing new ones that consumers need.
6. Doctors of various specializations: anesthesiologists, surgeons, psychiatrists, therapists, dentists. Health is the main thing that people value and what they do not skimp on. And good doctors enjoy well-deserved respect.
7. Technical and executive directors in various industries. Creating a new competitive product or new technologies requires the ability to work with large amounts of information and coordinate the work of many hundreds of people. Such work is within the power of extraordinary individuals.
8. Lawyers. In all countries of the world, legal professionals have a prestigious status. After all, even in the age of Internet technology, when books on legislation are available to anyone, not everyone can understand their cumbersome intricacies.
9. Pilots. Airline passengers initially respect the professionals they trust with their lives. A modern aircraft is a super-complex machine, the control of which requires serious technical knowledge, excellent physical fitness, psychological stability, and the ability to quickly make responsible decisions.
10. A financial market analyst is a specialist who has information about price fluctuations and the relationship between supply and demand in the market. He can give competent advice on transactions in financial markets and a forecast for the future.

It has long been known that prestige is the most important criterion for professional choice. A distinctive feature of prestige is the degree of respect for a given object, as well as the influence of the person who has mastered this object or this activity. In an era of changing social system, in which Russia is not very well, the problem of the prestige of the chosen activity has a special meaning. As is known, during critical historical epochs, the social mobility of the population increases, namely, the transition from one social sphere to another becomes noticeably easier. The former “elite” sharply reduces their mental abilities and activity. And on the contrary, some of those people who previously belonged to the “lower” strata of society quickly become rich and gain social influence. In particular, the emergence of the so-called “new Russians” in Russia is, first of all, a trend of the “new elite”.

Basically, a young man chooses this particular profession not because he is attracted to the labor process and its contents (he does not yet really know, has not experienced all the advantages and disadvantages of the chosen professions), the young man rather chooses a certain way of life, where a profession is only one thing from the means of building your happiness. This is precisely what explains the choice of professions such as lawyer or economist by many teenagers and young people: these professions in themselves are unlikely to be of interest to most young people (working with regulations and financial reports is still an acquired taste), but these are precisely the ones professions still allow a person to earn a lot and build a certain, “rich”, “comfortable”, and the most necessary thing - a “prestigious” lifestyle.

A teenager who is self-determined runs the risk of making a mistake in his choice when the prestige of professions changes: he was guided by prestige and “elitism”, but ended up among the so-called losers, in the mass of a huge number of unclaimed specialists.

Just getting teenagers to think about the future is not enough. We need to provide them with a means of thinking about these difficult problems. But these problems are indeed the most complex and important, since we are talking about social forecasting. If you do not understand in time where our country is moving, you can make a big mistake with your professional choice, because it is unclear in which “space” to determine yourself.

Self-knowledge and self-esteem influence correct professional self-determination. If they are not correct, incorrect self-determination occurs. Unfortunately, correct self-assessment is available to a small number of students. Basically, they tend to either overestimate themselves or underestimate themselves.

The prestige of a profession is determined by the content (share of creative functions, creative functions, creative character) of this type of work and the degree of popularity of the profession. Work that involves monotonous manual operations or does not provide prospects for career growth determines the low prestige of the corresponding professions. When it comes to prestige and popularity, we should not forget about socio-psychological factors. Even the name of the profession matters here: there are cases when changing it significantly increased the prestige of a given profession.

The list of aspects by which the most prestigious profession is determined is varied. It contains the conditions and level of salary, confidence in the stability of your position, the opportunity for creativity, a free work schedule, opportunities for career advancement, access to power, work abroad, independence, etc.

When choosing a future specialty, each of us, as a rule, strives to obtain one of the most prestigious and popular professions and in a few years to be a sought-after, highly paid specialist. In order not to make a mistake at the initial stage, it is worth considering the fact that the type of professions in demand changes every five years, and the demand and prestige itself depend on many factors, such as: the political and economic situation in the country, the technological process of development of a certain region. Therefore, when connecting your life with a specific profession, you need to carefully think through and analyze its features, as well as possible combinations of your chosen profession with any other.

I present the opinion of experts, according to which, by 2016-2017, the “ten” most prestigious and in-demand professions will look like this:

Engineers. Due to the fact that large-scale city-forming industries are emerging in some of the largest cities and regions of the country, and international industrial partnerships are rapidly developing, there is already an acute shortage of professional engineers, technical specialists and mid-level managers in production. A combination of technical and economic or legal education, knowledge of English or any other European language will be especially appreciated.

IT specialists and computer hardware developers. AND Information technologies and communications are the most rapidly developing area at the moment throughout the world and in Russia in particular. It is expected that for several more decades specialists creating, debugging software and those who support it, digital broadcasting professionals, as well as web design specialists, will be among the most sought after and highly paid.

Specialists in the field of nanotechnology. Since in Russia at the moment the development and implementation of nanotechnologies (technologies based on working with molecules and atoms) is a federal target program of the government, then, of course, in the near future the demand for nanotechnologists will grow in almost all areas: mechanical engineering, space technologies, in the food industry, as well as in medicine.

Specialists combining electronics and biotechnology. Biotechnologies that use biological systems and their elements are widely used today in agriculture, where genetically modified products are produced using genetic engineering and microbiological methods. In addition, they are used in molecular medicine, biopharmaceutical production and other industries. The goal of scientific development may be, for example, the creation of new power sources or electronic circuits based on living microorganisms.

Marketers. According to experts, in ten years there will be a glut in the Russian market of goods and services, therefore, the country will need marketers - company strategists whose task is to manage a system focused on the production of various goods and satisfying the interests of producers and consumers; conduct market research, develop business plans, offer the most profitable options for investing the company's money.

Service specialists. The growth in demand for service sector professions in the next decade is due to the need of the country's population for quality service. Therefore, there will be an increasing need for such specialists as private doctors, lawyers, teachers, medical workers, psychologists, image makers, managers, specialists in the field of creating official and entertainment events, workers in cafes, restaurants, hairdressers, and shops.

Logisticians. Russia's entry into the world market will provoke the need for professional logisticians involved in the theory and practice of managing material and information flows in the process of goods distribution.

Ecologists. It is expected that in the future, problems of environmental conservation will occupy an increasing place. In accordance with this, the demand for professional ecologists with knowledge of physics, chemistry, biology, computer modeling skills and natural processes will increase.

Medical professionals involved in the search for life extension tools. In ten years, experts in the field of medicine predict in our country the introduction into practice of currently developed achievements in the field of electronics and biotechnology related to the search for means of extending human life. Therefore, this will entail the need for specialist practitioners.

Chemists. Specialists in the field of chemistry, first of all, will be in demand in the energy sector, since work is currently underway on the development of alternative energy sources, despite the existing oil reserves.

Finishing the first chapter of the course work, you can do the following conclusion.

Professional self-determination is a multidimensional and multi-stage process in which the tasks of society are identified and an individual lifestyle is formed, part of which is professional activity. The period of adolescence is a period of self-determination. Social, personal, professional, spiritual and practical self-determination constitutes the main task of adolescence. The process of self-determination is based on choice future sphere activities. Professional self-determination is associated with the tasks of social and personal self-determination, with determining life prospects, with designing the future. The main goal of professional self-determination is the gradual formation of internal readiness to independently and consciously plan, adjust and realize the prospects for one’s development (professional, life, personal).