Presentation on history on the topic "the emergence of the Cossacks." Presentation "Who are the Cossacks" Download presentation history of the Yaik Cossacks
Who are the Cossacks
- Among the Don steppe fields And the Kuban feather grasses, Where the Kuban and Don flow Cossacks have long lived. A proud and dashing people, they have earned honor for themselves: They carry bravery, courage, courage on their shoulders. They value honor from childhood, They love to groom foals, They weave baskets from vines, They sing sonorous songs. They protect the memory of their ancestors, they honor faith in God, and they preserve their customs in Rus'.
- On the Don, the Cossacks settled on islands so that enemies could not attack them unnoticed. Such settlements were called Cossack towns. For housing inside the town, the Cossacks first built dugouts, and then houses made of wood and stone. Later the towns began to be called villages.
- For housing inside the town, the Cossacks first built dugouts, and then houses made of wood and stone. At first in Cossack towns
- Only men settled. Women appeared a little later.
- The main room, the hall, is always ready to receive guests. There was the best furniture and the best dishes here. In the front corner of this room (left opposite the entrance) there was a shrine (shelf or icon case, i.e. glazed frame, cabinet for icons), which had several icons in rich silver frames
- On long winter evenings, the housewife would spin yarn, so a spinning wheel is an integral part of the bedroom. The walls of the bedroom, like the walls of the hall, were decorated with photographs, and there were also flowers on the windows.
- A distinctive feature of the kitchen and all Cossack housing was sterile cleanliness. The stove was whitened after each cooking; a bucket of whitewash always stood under the stove.
- A family of 13 people was considered large: father, mother, father's parents, two adult sons and seven young children.
- The average family consisted of
- from 6 to 9 souls, and a small family
- consisted of 4 people.
- The head of the family, of course, was the father. He was involved in all household affairs: he was in charge of all work related to the land, agricultural equipment (purchase and repair), and caring for domestic animals. In addition, he took part in the social and political life of the village: he participated in Cossack Circles and gatherings.
- All the housework fell on the mother's shoulders. Under her constant control was everything that was connected with the family’s nutrition: observing fasts, the holiday table, the everyday table, taking care of linen and repairing clothes.
- From childhood, parents taught their children to work and set an example with their attitude towards everything. The word of the father in the family was the same as the word of the chieftain for the army; he was followed unquestioningly. Every Cossack from an early age knew and kept with all his heart God’s commandment: “Honor your father and your mother, may you be well and may you live long on Earth.” Both father and mother were revered by children, who addressed them only as “you.”
- Various trades and crafts played a major role in Cossack life: blacksmithing and pottery, woodworking, wickerwork, weaving, embroidery, and metalworking.
- Cossack crafts
- From the era of Peter the Great, the Cossacks began to engage in viticulture and winemaking. The Don winemakers were the highest masters. The first Russian champagne was made on the Don!
In addition, the Cossacks were given blue and red cloth as a gift. This is how the Don Cossacks got their blue and red uniform.
Emergence
Cossacks - Cossack
from the Turkic kazak “free, independent person, adventurer, vagabond.”
The main clothing of the Zaporozhye Cossacks are blue trousers with red belts, shirts, hats and zhupans. The hair on the head was shaved, only the forelock was left on the head. The beards were also shaved, only the mustache was left and grew long.
- Causes
- Strengthening the feudal oppression of Ukrainian peasants and townspeople by the feudal lords.
- Seizure of lands by Polish, Lithuanian and Ukrainian feudal lords and shortage of arable land among peasants.
- Polization and Catholicization of the Ukrainian population.
Cossack occupations
On the reclaimed lands, the Cossacks were engaged in:
- agriculture,
- raised large and small livestock, with horse breeding being the leading industry,
- hunting,
- fishing,
- beekeeping (collecting honey from wild bees),
- crafts (blacksmithing, carpentry, cooperage, weapon making),
- as well as trade.
Cossack weapons
- muskets, pistols, which the Cossacks always wore in their belts,
- spears,
- sabers,
- guns,
- Bow and arrows
- combat knives, daggers,
- keleps, knitting needles, hooks, with which they pulled riders off their horses.
Cossack army
- The Cossack army consisted of several types of troops: infantry, cavalry, artillery, reconnaissance, border service and navy.
- The number of the entire army was 10,000 - 12,000 people, of which the infantry was about 6,000 people. The elite part of the army was the cavalry. In terms of its fighting qualities, this unit represented the most formidable force of the Cossacks.
- The army was divided into regiments and hundreds. The hundred was a tactical unit of the army and numbered 180 people. The regiment consisted of three hundred with a total number of 540 people.
Military art Cossack army
The Cossacks' hand-to-hand combat techniques were based on the Ukrainian combat hopak. This ancient art allowed one Cossack with a pole to disperse up to two squadrons of heavy armored cavalry. Also, combat hopak techniques made it possible to easily run up steep walls, which made it possible to storm the most impregnable fortresses
- The Cossack cavalry practiced shooting from under the horse's belly and synchronized turning over in the saddles at full gallop, confusing the enemy.
- The main combat formation of the Cossacks was the pre-phalanx (a mixed cavalry and infantry dense stream that did not have a strict organization, in other words, a crowd). This combat formation made it possible to easily sweep away heavy echeloned pikemen.
- In addition to artillery, the Cossacks had a very fast and maneuverable fleet, which consisted of light galleys (Cossack seagulls).
- The Seagull is a deckless, flat-bottomed boat in the form of a huge hollowed-out log, lined with boards along the sides. The length is about 18 m, the width is 3.6 m and the height of the sides is 1.6 m. The ship had transverse bulkheads and benches, a mast with a sail, 10-15 pairs of oars, bow and stern rudders, and could accommodate up to 70 people. Armament: 4-6 guns.
Division of the Cossacks (seed, winter, registered)
Sich Cossacks
Zaporozhye or grassroots Cossacks lived in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, south of the Dnieper rapids. The grassroots Cossacks lived as a separate community, independent of any state, which was conventionally divided into two groups: the Sich and Zim Cossacks.
With the formation of a permanent main fortification (sich), the Cossacks who lived in it began to be called Sich . The Sich Cossacks were called “knighthood” or “tovarishstvo”. The Sich Cossacks had a number of rights and privileges compared to the Zimov Cossacks. Only these Cossacks had the right to choose a foreman from among their ranks, receive a salary and manage all the affairs of the army.
Winter Cossacks
Family Cossacks lived not far from the battle along ravines, river banks, estuaries and lakes, creating entire settlements. Residents of settlements were engaged in arable farming, cattle breeding, fishing, crafts, trade and crafts. The Sichists contemptuously called them “nesters”, “sydnyas”, and mockingly called them “babolyubami” and “buckwheat sowers”; they constituted the settlement, i.e. subject class of the Sich Cossacks. The main responsibility the nests were to feed the Sich Cossacks.
Often, some Sich people, having started a family, turned into “winter” Cossacks,” while other “Sidneys” went to the Sich. Winter Cossacks were not allowed to the Sich, but lived near it, but were part of the Zaporozhye Grassroots Army.
Registered Cossacks Registered Cossacks - part of the Zaporozhye Cossacks accepted by Poland into the state military service
to organize the defense of the southern borders of the Polish-Lithuanian state and perform police functions (in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, primarily against the rest of the Cossacks). The Cossack service was organized in the Zaporozhian Army, the composition of which was regulated by a government list (register). The duties, payment for service and privileges of the registered Cossacks were determined by the Sejm and the king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Registered Cossacks were separated into a separate class. The first register numbered 600 Cossacks and was created in 1578 by King Stefan Batory. The presentation was completed
- 8th grade students:
- Karina Kosenko
- Daria Gritsakova
Anastasia Lisovskaya
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Cossacks (Cossacks) are a group of predominantly Eastern Slavs living in the southern steppes of Eastern Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine.
Slide 3
The exact origins of the Cossacks are unknown; there are many theories. Kasogs, Kasakhs, Kasakis are ancient Circassian people who inhabited the territory of the lower Kuban in the 10th-14th centuries.
Slide 4
By the end of the 14th century, two large groups of Cossacks had formed, living in the lower reaches of the Don and Dnieper.
They were joined by a noticeable number of East Slavic settlers from the Moscow and Lithuanian principalities neighboring to the north. By the beginning of the 16th century, both groups had grown into large free troops.
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The Don Cossacks, in alliance with the Russian kingdom, settled the lower reaches of the Volga, Yaik and Terek, as well as vast territories in Siberia, and became the basis of new troops.
Slide 7
The Dnieper Cossacks formed the Zaporozhye Sich.
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Cossacks appeared in Siberia at the end of the 16th century as part of the garrisons of the first Russian forts - Tobolsk, Berezov, Pelym, Surgut.
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In the first half of the 17th century, Cossack parties reached the Yenisei and began to conduct reconnaissance along its tributaries, making their way to Chulym, Angara, Abakan, Turukhan.
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On their way, they founded new fortified points, winter quarters and forts: Mangazeya (1607), Yeniseisk (1619), Achinsk (1621), Krasnoyarsk and Kansk (both from 1628).
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In the 17th century, the Cossacks were the main and only force in the garrisons of Siberian cities, fortresses and forts; were the main link providing public administration edge.
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According to the nature of their service, the Cossacks were divided into city (regimental) and village Cossacks.
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The police included Cossacks who had not yet acquired a stable economy or who were serving in places remote from their permanent place of residence.
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Village Cossacks served in their places of residence, at border posts and outposts. Cossacks enlisted in service from the age of 16 and carried it out “until such time as they are able to continue it.”
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Circle official duties Cossacks were not strictly regulated.
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In the 17th century, the main functions were military - the seizure of new Siberian lands, bringing local tribes under Russian citizenship and collecting yasak from them.
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In the first periods of settlement of new territories, singles and small families predominated among the Cossacks. In conditions of constant military danger, only small form family capable of feeding all its members.
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The peculiarities of life of the Cossacks-first settlers and the conditions in which the region was settled were reflected in the form of their settlements.
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At first, these were fortified settlements-stanitsa, surrounded by a palisade, defensive ramparts and ditches, inside which there were dugout huts.
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For their settlements, the Cossacks chose the best strategic places, using natural barriers - river capes, islands, steep banks and protected ravines and swamps.
Slide 21
The Cossacks received part of their income from military booty, and part from state salaries. Economic life included hunting, fishing, farming and cattle breeding.
Slide 22
The Cossacks mastered and cultivated the vast expanses of the Don, Kuban, Terek and Urals.
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To a large extent this was done by women's hands. IN extreme conditions Border life forged a special type of woman - the Cossack woman.
Cossack" means "free", "brave, freedom-loving person","daring warrior"
The Cossacks arose by the will of the government - by decree of Tsarina Elizabeth Petrovna in 1746 to protect Russian borders from nomads. The Cossacks were mainly peasants. The Cossacks settled in villages, fortresses and redoubts and were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding
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“Cossack” means “free”, “brave, freedom-loving person”, “daring warrior”. The Cossacks arose by the will of the government - by decree of Tsarina Elizabeth Petrovna in 1746 to protect Russian borders from nomads. The Cossacks were mainly peasants. The Cossacks settled in villages, fortresses and redoubts and were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding
The kuren was divided into the left - female half and the right - male. Directly behind the entrance was the largest room - the hall where guests were received. The best furniture and dishes were located here.
Control bodies of the Cossack army Great Military Circle Council of Atamanov Military Ataman Ataman board Military headquarters Economic Council Council of Elders Audit committee Cossack circle - general meeting Cossacks, which took place on the Maidan. Maidan is a large square, usually in front of the Ataman church - the main one in the Cossacks. Esaul is the ataman’s assistant. (Ataman and esauls were elected to Cossack circle for 1-2 years.)
The Cossacks kept everything most valuable in their churches: military awards, weapons. This was one of the traditions of the Cossacks. They take off their hat only in church, when reading the Gospel, and expose one third of their saber - this means that the Cossack is ready to defend the honor of Russia.
Traditions of the Cossacks The birth of a boy among the Cossacks was considered great happiness, since every man at birth received an allotment of land - a “share”. Starting from the age of two, he was regularly put on a horse so that he could get used to the saddle. When a boy was born, it was customary to buy a horse so that they could get used to each other. The Cossacks placed the authority of their father and mother as the most important thing. The godmother taught her daughter how to do housework while her own mother was busy around the house. Well, the godfather taught his son the art of war so that he would be a brave fighter. In front of the elders, they took off their hats and gave up their place, because the word of the elder is the law. The older sister was also respected; she replaced the mother, took care of the children, and was a craftswoman. For children, those who indulged, even a stranger Cossack could pull their ears.
Cossack weapons
Men's Cossack costume
women's Cossack costume
Papakha - headdress of the Don Cossack Kubank - headdress of the Kuban Cossack Burka Kazakin - y Don Cossacks Beshmet - among the Terek and Kuban Cossacks. The bashlyk among the Don Cossacks is steel-gray, among the Kuban - red, among the Terek - blue.
Christmastide The Cossacks celebrated Christmastide on a particularly large scale; they organized mass celebrations and horse racing competitions. The girls spent their nights telling fortunes. Almost all Cossack celebrations were associated with fortune telling. They did not miss the opportunity to place a wreath on Ivan Kupala, to roll an apple into the apple bowl, in order to find out their fate. October 14 - Intercession Holy Mother of God. Holiday of the Cossacks of all troops. Celebrated as the Victory Day of 5.3 thousand Cossacks over 150 thousand Turks at the end of September 1641 in the Azov fortress.
Cossack commandments. Each member of the Cossack society must know and follow the main principles of Cossack morality, which is based on the norms of Christian morality. 1. Love Russia, for she is your mother, and nothing in the world can replace her for you; 2. HONOR AND GOOD NAME FOR A COSSACK IS MORE DEAR THAN LIFE 3. COSSACKS ARE ALL EQUAL IN RIGHTS. REMEMBER: “THERE IS NO PRINCE, NOR SLAVE, BUT ALL SLAVES ARE GOD!” 4. SERVE FAITHFULLY TO YOUR PEOPLE, NOT THE LEADERS 5. BY YOU THEY ARE JUDGING ALL THE COSSACKS AND THEIR PEOPLE 6. KEEP YOUR WORD. THE WORD OF A COSSACK IS DEAR 7. HONOR YOUR ELDERS, RESPECT OLD AGE 8. PERISH AND RESCUE YOUR COMRADE 9. KEEP THE FAITH OF YOUR ANCESTORS, FOLLOW THE CUSTOMS OF YOUR PEOPLE 10. BE HARDWORKING. DON'T BE Idle 11. TAKE CARE OF YOUR FAMILY. SERVE HER BY EXAMPLE
Thank you for your attention!
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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People who call themselves Don Cossacks have long lived along the Don River. Today we will take a closer look at the traditions and customs of the Don Cossacks. Let's take a fascinating journey into the past and see how the Cossacks lived many years ago.
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In ancient times, many people fled to the Don from a hard life. Here they settled on free lands and became free Cossacks. The word “Cossack” meant “free warrior.” All Cossacks served the Russian state, protecting it.
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The Cossacks located their settlements so that enemies could not attack them unnoticed. Such settlements were called Cossack towns. At first, only men settled in Cossack towns. Women appeared a little later. Later the towns began to be called villages.
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Cossack village. The villages consisted of wooden or adobe (a mixture of clay and straw) houses, covered with reeds. Every village had a church and a school. The center was the market square - Maidan. When it was necessary to discuss any issue, the Cossacks gathered on the Maidan for a general meeting. At the same time, everyone stood in a large circle. In the middle of the circle stood the ataman (the chief of the Cossacks), behind him there were old men sitting on benches, then married Cossacks, then unmarried ones. All important issues were resolved in a circle.
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Cossack kuren. The Cossack's house is kuren, which means round. On the Don, the simplest dwelling was a half-dugout covered with reeds. Later they began to build two-story smoking areas - this saved them from river floods. The first floor is for utility purposes, the second is residential.
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The main room of the Cossack kuren is the hall. The kuren was divided into the left - female half and the right - male. Women and children never entered the men's quarters. Directly behind the entrance was the largest room - the hall where guests were received. Here stood the best furniture and the best dishes. In the left corner of the room opposite the entrance there was always a shrine - a shelf or cabinet for icons.
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Bedroom in the Cossack kuren. On long winter evenings, the housewife would spin yarn, so a spinning wheel is an integral part of the bedroom. The walls of the bedroom, like the walls of the hall, were decorated with photographs, and there were also flowers on the windows.
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Kitchen in a Cossack kuren. A distinctive feature of the kitchen and all Cossack housing was sterile cleanliness. The stove was whitened after each cooking; a bucket of whitewash always stood under the stove.
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Cossack cuisine reveals the peculiarities of the life of the Don Cossacks. The Cossacks, living next to the river, were engaged in preparing fish dishes. They baked bream, cooked fish soup, made fish cutlets, and baked fish pies. For the Cossacks, fish dishes were the basis of nutrition. Stuffed fish was always served on the festive table. The fish was also dried, smoked and dried. In addition to fish, the Cossacks loved to cook cabbage rolls, jellied meat, homemade noodles, bread, pies, porridge, and also cooked uzvar, grape juice and kvass. The Cossacks' favorite dessert was watermelon honey. It is a long-standing tradition of the Cossacks to eat tasty and satisfying food and feed the guests. It is not for nothing that the Cossacks have a widely known saying: “As with a spoon, so with a saber.” They sat down to eat three times a day: breakfast, midday and evening. Before sitting down at the table, each family member washed their hands, dried them with a common linen towel for the family, and stood baptized at the icon, while saying a prayer in a low voice. The eldest in the family was cutting bread into slices over the table. People began to eat at the table only at the sign of the elder.
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Various crafts played a major role in Cossack life: blacksmithing and pottery, wood and metal processing, wickerwork, weaving, and embroidery. From the moment of birth, the Cossacks hardened their children, leaving them to work in the fields both in winter and summer. From an early age they were accustomed to work: carrying water, walking behind the plow, guarding horses, sheep, and cows in the steppe. From the age of five, a girl could already be a nanny. She also learned to embroider, sew, knit and crochet - every Cossack woman could do this. This was done in a game: they sewed dolls, and learned for life.
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Cossack families. The head of the family was the father. He was involved in all household matters: work related to the land, work equipment, and caring for domestic animals. In addition, he participated in Cossack gatherings. All the housework fell on the mother's shoulders. Under her control was everything related to feeding the family, taking care of linen and repairing clothes. The word of the father in the family was the same as the word of the chieftain for the army; he was followed unquestioningly. Father and mother were revered by children, who addressed them only as “you.”
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If a son was born into a family, it was considered great happiness. But often mothers shed tears over the cradles of Cossack babies, thinking about their fate: about where and how he could be wounded or killed. Friends who came to the newborn's house brought gifts of an arrow, a bullet, a bow, and even a gun. These gifts were hung on the wall. When the baby's first tooth erupted, his father and mother carried him to church for service so that his son would grow into a valiant and brave Cossack. Then the Cossack girl was put on a horse and led around the church, the father took the Cossack girl in his arms, and the godfather put a sword belt with a saber on them. Training began after the celebration of the first pants. From the age of three, the Cossack girl was taught to ride horses. The training was hard and constant. Hand-to-hand combat was taught from the age of three, passing on special techniques that were kept in each clan. At the age of 7, the boy ate children's sweets for the last time, after which he moved with his bed to the men's half of the house, to the room of his older brothers. They examined his blanket and pillow and threw them away if they were too warm and soft. “Learn to serve,” they told him, “you are now not a child, but half a Cossack.” From the age of 8-9, children went to school, where they learned the history of Russia with literacy, became acquainted with military affairs, and did gymnastics. The main preparation began at the age of 18, when the young Cossack took the oath.
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From the age of 17, a Cossack is a minor. Young Cossacks from all the villages gathered in one place to be inspected by the ataman. A camp was set up where they showed their ability to accurately shoot at a target at full gallop, swim across the river along with horses and ammunition, and demonstrate complex stunts. Horseback riding was a special tradition. The Cossacks loved and respected horses very much; from an early age they taught Cossack children to handle them, feed them, harness them and, of course, ride them. Sometimes a Cossack girl “walked under the mare’s belly,” and sat in the saddle no worse than an experienced Cossack. A Cossack cannot live even a day without a horse. The Cossack will not eat himself, but will feed his horse. It is not the Cossack's horse who paints the horse, but the Cossack who paints the horse. A Cossack without a horse is like a soldier without a gun.
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Cossack costume. The official clothing of a Cossack is a uniform made of blue cloth, trousers of blue cloth with red stripes, a cap or hat with a red top, and boots. A hat or cap meant that its owner belonged to the Cossacks. The hat is an extension of the head. A Cossack could sell everything, but not a cross, a hat and a saber. At home, the Cossacks wore an embroidered linen shirt and trousers on their boots. How did the Cossacks get stripes? The Tsar rewarded the Don Cossacks with blue cloth and spoiled the dashing warriors. He gave me a little scarlet cloth in addition. It wasn’t enough, the treasury failed. The Don Cossacks sewed a blue uniform, and made stripes for their pants from scarlet fabric. They circled the band with what was left in their caps and carried the legend about it through the centuries.
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Women's clothing consisted of a jacket, skirt and apron. The jacket had a frill and long sleeves. The skirts were made full and decorated with lace and frills. An underskirt is an essential part of a woman's costume. Aprons were festive or common (for every day). Festive ones were decorated with patterns. There are silk scarves on the head and ankle boots on the feet. The girls have ribbons in their hair instead of scarves. The Cossacks perceived clothing as the second skin of the body, kept it clean and tidy and never allowed themselves to wear someone else's clothes.
