Presentation on the theme "great geographical discoveries". Great geographical discoveries - presentation History of geographical discoveries presentation

slide 2

Background of the Great geographical discoveries

slide 3

Caravel

A reliable, seaworthy, maneuverable ship was needed, capable of going out into the ocean, resisting storms and moving in the right direction, not only with a fair wind.
Caravels became such ships.

slide 4

The triangular or oblique sail, called "Latin", was borrowed by Europeans from the Arabs.
The combination of straight and oblique sails was achieved simultaneously high speed and good ship maneuverability.
With the help of sheets - cables attached to the lower edges of the sails, one or the other end of the sail was pulled, turned it, and the wind drove the ship in the right direction.

slide 5

Causes of the Great Geographical Discoveries

The desire of merchants and navigators of Western European countries to find new sea routes to the East in order to trade without intermediaries (the Turks mastered the traditional routes). In connection with the growth of cities, the development of crafts and trade, the need of Europeans for gold and silver increased.

slide 6

Geographical discoveries of the XV - the first half of the XVII century. committed

• Ferdinand Magellan
• Vasco da Gama
• Bartolomeu Dias
• Drake Francis
• Hudson Henry

Slide 7

Christopher Columbus

The key figure of the era of great geographical discoveries, of course, is Christopher Columbus.
A number of historians believe that the idea of ​​Columbus was supported by the Italian geographer Paolo Toscanelli.
Adhering to the opinion about the sphericity of the Earth, Toscanelli compiled a map of the world, providing it with arguments about the possibility of reaching India by sailing to the west.

Slide 8

Paolo Toscanelli

Toscanelli miscalculated the circumference of the earth, underestimating it, and due to his inaccuracy, India seemed seductively close to the western coast of Europe.
If there are great mistakes in history, then Toscanelli's mistake was just that in its consequences. She strengthened Columbus in his intention to be the first to reach India, sailing by the western route.

Slide 9

Three ships went on the expedition:

• "Santa Maria"
• "Ninya" ("Baby")
• "Pint"

Santa Maria at anchor.Andriesvan Ertvelt, 1628

Slide 10

Landing of Columbus in America, J. Vanderlin 1847

slide 11

Spain

slide 12

slide 13

Portugal

Slide 14

slide 15

England

slide 16

Slide 17

First colonial empires

colonial empire?

• the state that owns the colonies.

• a dependent territory under the control of another state or metropolis. Metropolis - the core of a colonial empire, a state that seized certain territories and turned them into its colonies

Slide 18

Fortresses were built on the lands of the New World, settlements were founded for immigrants from Spain, Portugal, paths were laid, sugar cane plantations were created
Hernando Cortes, with a tiny detachment of soldiers, by deceit and treachery, conquers the vast country of the Aztecs, Mexico, and seizes the booty, before which the treasures of any of the European kings fade - the gold of the supreme leader of the Aztecs, Montezuma.

Slide 19

The Spaniards subjected to barbarous destruction the original, highly developed culture of the Aztecs, plundered and destroyed their magnificent capital - Tenochtitlan.

Map of the campaign of Cortes 1519-1521.

Slide 20

In 1531-1533. with the same barbarity, another center of the ancient culture of America, the culture of the Incas, was plundered and destroyed by the Spaniards. They captured a vast territory, which now houses three states - Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru.

slide 21

I am writing about what I myself have witnessed. During my stay there, in three or four months, more than seven thousand children died of starvation, whose parents were driven into the mines. . . The porters, shackled with one chain, had to travel a hundred or two hundred miles with three or four arrobs on their shoulders (about fifty kilograms); it happened that after such a journey, out of four thousand Indians, five or six people returned home, the rest died on the way. For those who fell down, the Spaniards cut off their heads so as not to bother with neck fetters. . ." Las Casas

slide 22

The Spaniards turned the Indians into slaves, and when the latter began to die out from hard work, they began to import black slaves from Africa.
Every year, two fleets with precious metals were sent from the New World to Spain - the "silver fleet" and the "gold fleet".
The Spanish colonial empire - the largest at that time in the world - was divided into two vice-kingdoms - New Spain (Mexico) and Peru.

slide 23

The struggle between the two great rivals, the two maritime powers, intensified.
On the newly discovered map, the intersecting vertical line drawn by the pope divided the New World into the possessions of Spain and Portugal.

slide 24

Results of the Great Geographical Discoveries

The ideas of Europeans about the world have changed.
The territory of the Earth known to Europeans has increased six times. Almost 60% of the entire earth's surface has been discovered

The emergence and development of world trade.
Trade routes moved from inland seas to oceans. Lost meaning shopping centers- Venice and Genoa, Bremen and Lübeck. Ocean ports have become centers of world trade: Lisbon, Seville and Antwerp, London and Amsterdam. The formation of the world market has begun

Slide 25

The beginning of the creation of the first colonial empires.
Robbery and destruction of the local population, death from diseases brought by the conquerors, destruction of monuments of ancient cultures of the peoples of Asia, Africa and America

Devaluation of money.
The arrival of gold caused a "price revolution" in Europe - the depreciation of money due to the fall in the value of gold and the rise in prices for essential goods

Improvement of the technical base of navigation.
The Dutch invented the steering wheel. The ships are four-masted Spanish galleons, three-masted Portuguese caravels and Dutch floats.

slide 26

• The navigator who did not set foot on a ship. (Heinrich the Navigator)
• The one to whom the continent blocked the path. (Christopher Columbus)
• Why not Colombia, but America? (Geographers of the early 16th century were convinced that Columbus and Vespucci discovered new lands in different parts of the world: Columbus discovered new islands and peninsulas of the Old World, Vespucci discovered the "New World" - the mainland stretching on both sides of the equator.)
• First Englishman to circumnavigate the world. (Francis Drake)
• A knighthood to the pirate "Santa Maria", "Nina" "Pinta"? (To Sir Francis Drake)

View all slides

Geographical discoveries of antiquity People have always travelled. Many, many thousands of years ago, ancient hunters set out on a journey to find hunting grounds. Ancient pastoralists, along with their herds, went on multi-day trips in search of fresh pastures. People explored new lands, crossed deserts and moved over mountains, crossed seas and even oceans in light boats.

One of the strongest maritime powers of the 15th century. was Portugal, which controlled the sea routes from the Mediterranean to the Baltic Sea. The Portuguese captured Morocco and began to look for ways to the south. They bought goods from local residents for next to nothing, and they themselves were sold into slavery. Bartolomeu Dias

Search for sea routes to India Moving south, the expedition of Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern point of Africa, which was called the Cape of Good Hope. Soon, the expedition of the Portuguese king, led by Vasco da Gama, circled Africa and in 1498 reached the Indian city of Calcutta.

The Spaniards were also looking for a way to India. They believed that the Earth was a sphere, and therefore hoped to find India in the West. In 1484, a native of Genoa, Columbus made such a proposal to Queen Isabella of Spain. In 1492, on 3 ships, he went west. After 70 days, one of the sailors noticed the Earth. Columbus decided that this is one of the Chinese islands. He named it San Salvador. He soon discovered Cuba and Haiti. Their inhabitants easily gave the Spaniards jewelry. Columbus returned on one ship, but brought so much treasure that the monarchs agreed to equip new expeditions (3 more), but he never found gold. Columbus was sure that he had opened the way to India. Only the expedition of Amerigo Vespucci proved that this was a new continent. It was called America.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered that the sea extends beyond the American continent. Ferdinand Magellan decided to get to him. In September 1519, at the head of a flotilla of five small ships, Magellan left the port of Seville and headed for Brazil. Sailing south along the coast of South America, Magellan found a narrow and winding strait through which his ships entered the ocean. This strait was later called Magellan. The opening of the Pacific

English navigator James Cook decades later confirmed the accuracy of the maps compiled by Bering. Cook made three trips around the world. Proved that New Zealand is two islands, not one. Studied Big barrier reef. He put hundreds of new islands on the map of the Pacific Ocean. In the south, he discovered the Hawaiian Islands, where he died tragically.

The presence of the mainland in the region of the South Pole was guessed in ancient times. Abel Tasman and James Cook were also looking for him. Found by Russian sailors - Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. In 1819, an expedition under their command on two boats - "Vostok" and "Mirny" - set off from Kronstadt. The purpose of the expedition was achieved. The sailors saw a mountainous coast. Thus, a new continent was discovered, covered with eternal ice. For the first time, a person set foot on the land of Antarctica only in 1895. Nowadays, there are research stations of 24 states. Discovery of Antarctica

Discovery of the North Pole Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen in 1893 on the Fram ship. For 500 kilometers to the pole, the ship got stuck in the ice, the traveler returned on foot. The American Robert Edwin Peary reached the pole on a reindeer sled on September 7, 1908. Hoisted the American flag.

The discovery of the South Pole The Norwegian Roald Amundsen, on Eskimo sled dogs and a light sleigh in fur clothes, went to the South Pole in 1911 and reached it on December 14. The English officer Robert Falcon Scott, on small pony horses in woolen and canvas clothes, also went to the South Pole and came a month later. On the way back, the British died.

slide 1

European travelers of the late 15th century. - the middle of the 17th century. were the result of the rapid development of productive forces in Europe, the growth of trade with the countries of the East, the shortage of precious metals in connection with the development of trade and money circulation.

Great geographical discoveries

slide 2

It is known that even in ancient times, Europeans visited the coast of America, traveled along the coast of Africa, etc. However, a geographical discovery is considered not only a visit by representatives of any civilized people to a previously unknown part of the Earth. This concept includes the establishment of a direct connection between the newly discovered lands and the centers of culture of the Old World. Only the discovery of America by X. Columbus laid the foundation for extensive ties between the open lands and Europe, the same goal was served by the travels of Vasco da Gama to the shores of India, the round-the-world trip of F. Magellan.
Great geographical discoveries
The routes of the most important travels

slide 3

The great geographical discoveries became possible as a result of significant advances in the development of science and technology in Europe. At the end of the 15th century, the doctrine of the sphericity of the Earth became widespread, and knowledge in the field of astronomy and geography expanded. Navigational instruments were improved (compass, astrolabe), a new type of sailing vessel appeared - the caravel.
Great geographical discoveries
Prince Heinrich (Enrique), nicknamed the navigator, is the organizer of long-distance voyages of the Portuguese

slide 4

The knowledge gained by the Portuguese as a result of their travels gave navigators of other countries valuable information about tides, the direction of winds and currents, and made it possible to create more accurate maps on which latitudes, lines of the tropics and the equator were plotted. These prince cards contained information about previously unknown countries. Previously widespread ideas about the impossibility of ebb and navigation in equatorial waters were refuted, and the fear of the unknown, characteristic of people of the Middle Ages, gradually began to recede.
Vasco da Gama opened the sea route to India, the country of fabulous wealth.
Great geographical discoveries

slide 5

At the same time, the Spaniards rushed in search of new trade routes. In 1492, after the capture of Granada and the completion of the reconquista, the Spanish king Ferdinand and Queen Isabella accepted the project of the Genoese navigator Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) to reach the shores of India, sailing to the west. The Columbus project had many opponents, but it received the support of scientists from the University of Salaman, the most famous in Spain, and, no less significant, among the business people of Seville. On August 3, 1492, Columbus' flotilla sailed from Palos, one of the best ports on the Atlantic coast of Spain, consisting of 3 ships - Santa Maria, Pinta and Nina, whose crews numbered 120 people. From the Canary Islands, Columbus headed west. On October 12, 1492, after a month's sailing in the open ocean, the fleet approached a small island from the group of the Bahamas, then named San Salvador. Although the newly discovered lands bore little resemblance to the fabulously rich islands of India and China, Columbus was convinced to the end of his days that he had discovered islands off the east coast of Asia.
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) The discovery of America is associated with his name
Great geographical discoveries

slide 6

During the first trip, the islands of Cuba, Haiti and a number of smaller ones were discovered. In 1492, Columbus returned to Spain, where he was appointed admiral of all open lands and received the right to 1/10 of all income. Subsequently, Columbus made three more trips to America - in 1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504, during which part of the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Trinidad and others were discovered; part of the Atlantic coast of Central and South America was surveyed. Although the open lands were very fertile and favorable for life, the Spaniards did not find gold there. Doubts arose that the newly discovered lands were India. The number of enemies of Columbus among the nobles grew, dissatisfied with the fact that he severely punished the expedition members for disobedience. In 1500, Columbus was removed from his post and sent in chains to Spain. He managed to restore his good name and make another trip to America. However, after returning from his last journey, he was deprived of all income and privileges and died in poverty.
Christopher Columbus
Great geographical discoveries

Slide 7

The number of enemies of Columbus among the nobles grew, dissatisfied with the fact that he severely punished the expedition members for disobedience. In 1500, Columbus was removed from his post and sent in chains to Spain. He managed to restore his good name and make another trip to America. However, after returning from his last journey, he was deprived of all income and privileges and died in poverty.
Ships of the expedition of Christopher Columbus
Great geographical discoveries

Slide 8

The discoveries of Columbus forced the Portuguese to hurry. In 1497 Vasco da Gama's flotilla (1469-1524) sailed from Lisbon to explore routes around Africa. Rounding the Cape of Good Hope, he entered the Indian Ocean. Moving north along the coast, the Portuguese reached the Arab trading cities of Mozambique and Malindi. With the help of an Arab pilot, on May 20, 1498, Vasco da Gama's squadron entered the Indian port of Calicut.

Great geographical discoveries

Slide 9

In August 1499, his ships returned to Portugal. The sea route to the country of fabulous riches was opened. From now on, the Portuguese began to annually equip up to 20 ships for trade with India. Thanks to superiority in weapons and technology, they managed to oust the Arabs from there. The Portuguese attacked their ships, destroyed the crews, devastated the cities on the southern coast of Arabia. In India, they captured strongholds, among which the city of Goa became the main one. The spice trade was declared a royal monopoly, it gave up to 800% profit. At the beginning of the 16th century The Portuguese captured Malacca and the Moluccas. In 1499-1500. Spaniards and in 1500-1502. The Portuguese discovered the coast of Brazil.
Great geographical discoveries
Ferdinand Magellan led the first round-the-world expedition

Slide 10

In the 16th century Portuguese navigators mastered the sea routes in the Indian Ocean, reached the shores of China, and were the first Europeans to set foot on the land of Japan. Among them was Fernand Pinto, the author of travel diaries, which gave a detailed description of the newly discovered country. Prior to this, Europe had only fragmentary and confusing information about Japan from the Book of Marco Polo, the famous Venetian traveler of the 14th century, who, however, never reached the Japanese Islands. In 1550, their image with the modern name first appeared on the Portuguese navigation chart.

Great geographical discoveries

slide 11

In Spain, after the death of Columbus, sending expeditions to new lands continued. At the beginning of the 16th century traveled to the western hemisphere Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) - a Florentine merchant who was in the service first of the Spanish and then of the Portuguese king, a famous navigator and geographer. Thanks to his letters, the idea that Columbus discovered not the coast of India, but a new mainland, gained popularity. In honor of Vespucci, this continent was named America. In 1515, the first globe with this name appeared, and then atlases and maps. Vespucci's hypothesis was finally confirmed as a result of Magellan's trip around the world (1519-1522). The name of Columbus remained immortalized in the name of one of the Latin American countries - Colombia.
Great geographical discoveries
The expedition of the Venetian traveler Marco Polo is preparing to sail.

slide 12

The proposal to reach the Moluccas by going around the American mainland from the south, expressed by Vespucci, interested the Spanish government. In 1513, the Spanish conquistador V. Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and went to the Pacific Ocean, which gave hope to Spain, which did not receive much benefit from the discoveries of Columbus, to find a western route to the shores of India. This task was destined to be fulfilled by the Portuguese nobleman Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480-1521), who had previously been in the Portuguese possessions in Asia. He believed that the coast of India lay much closer to the newly discovered continent than it really was. World Ocean.

Great geographical discoveries

slide 13

On September 20, 1519, a squadron of five ships with 253 crew members, led by Magellan, who entered the service of the Spanish king, left the Spanish harbor of San Lucar. After 11 months of sailing across the Atlantic Ocean, Magellan reached the southern tip of America and passed through the strait (later called Magellanic), which separated the mainland from Tierra del Fuego. After three weeks of sailing through the strait, the squadron entered the Pacific Ocean, passing off the coast of Chile. On December 1, 1520, land was seen for the last time from ships. Magellan headed north and then northwest. For three months and twenty days, while the ships sailed across the ocean, he was calm, and therefore Magellan called him the Pacific.
Great geographical discoveries
Amerigo Vespucci - Florentine merchant, geographer, navigator. The mainland discovered by Christopher Columbus is named after him.

Slide 14

On March 6, 1521, the expedition approached the small inhabited islands (the Mariana Islands), and after another 10 days ended up near the Philippine Islands. As a result of the voyage of Magellan, the idea of ​​​​the sphericity of the Earth was confirmed, it was proved that between Asia and America lies a huge body of water- The Pacific Ocean, that most of the globe is occupied by water, and not by land, that there is a single World Ocean.
Great geographical discoveries

slide 15

April 27, 1521 Magellan died in a skirmish with the natives on one of the Philippine Islands. His companions continued sailing under the command of Juan Sebastian El Cano and reached the Moluccas and Indonesia. Almost a year later, the last of Magellan's ships set off for his native shores, taking on board a large cargo of spices. September 6, 1522 the ship "Victoria" returned to Spain; Of the entire crew, only 18 survived. "Victoria" brought so many spices that their sale made it possible not only to cover all the expenses of the expedition, but also to make a significant profit. For a long time no one followed the example of Magellan, and only in 1578-1580. The second-ever circumnavigation of the world was made by the English pirate Francis Drake, who robbed the Spanish colonies on the Pacific coast of America along the way.

Great geographical discoveries

slide 16

In the 16th century - 1st half of the 17th century. the Spaniards explored the northern and western coasts of South America, penetrated into the interior and in a bloody struggle conquered the states (Maya, Aztecs, Incas) that existed in the Yucatan, present-day Mexico and Peru. Here the Spanish conquerors, primarily Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, seized the huge treasures accumulated by the rulers and priests of these states. In search of the fabulous land of El Dorado, the Spaniards explored the basin of the Orinoco and Magdalena rivers, where rich deposits of gold, silver and platinum were also discovered. The Spanish conquistador Ximénez de Quesada conquered what is now Colombia.
Great geographical discoveries
One of the ships of Magellan's flotilla. Drawing from 1523

Slide 17

In the 2nd half of the 16th century. - the beginning of the 17th century. the Spaniards made a number of Pacific expeditions from the territory of Peru, during which the Solomon Islands (1568), South Polynesia (1595), Melanesia (1605) were discovered.
Great geographical discoveries
One of the ships of Magellan's flotilla. Drawing from 1523

Slide 18

Long before the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, the idea of ​​the existence of a “South Continent” arose, and in the course of the discoveries, the idea of ​​the existence of a “South Continent”, of which the islands of Southeast Asia were considered a part, became especially popular. She expressed herself in geographical writings, and the mythical mainland was even mapped under the name "Terra australis incognita" - "Unknown southern land". In 1605, a Spanish squadron of 3 ships sailed from Peru under the command of P. Quiroz, who discovered a number of islands, one of which he mistook for the coast of the mainland. Leaving two ships to the mercy of fate, Quiros returned to Peru, and then sailed to Spain to secure the rights to rule new lands. But soon he was wrong. The captain of one of the two abandoned ships, the Portuguese L. V. de Torres, continued sailing and found out that Kyros had discovered not the mainland, but a group of islands (New Hebrides).

Great geographical discoveries

Slide 19

Sailing west, Torres passed along the southern coast of New Guinea through the strait, later named after him, and discovered Australia lying to the south. There is evidence that on the coast of the new mainland as early as the 16th century. the Portuguese landed and, shortly before Torres, the Dutch, but this was not known in Europe. Having reached the Philippine Islands, Torres reported the discovery to the Spanish government. However, fearing competitors and not having the strength and means to develop new land, the Spanish administration withheld information about this discovery.
Great geographical discoveries
James Cook, English navigator, participant in two of the largest voyages around the world. Explorer of Australia and Oceania.

Slide 20

In the 1st half of the 17th century. the search for the "South Continent" was conducted by the Dutch. In 1642, Abel Janszon Tasman (1603-1659), bypassed Australia from the south, discovering an island called Tasmania. In 1768, the English navigator D. Cook explored the shores of Oceania and Australia, and subsequently he recognized Torres' priority in the discovery of Australia. In 1497-1498, English navigators reached the northeast coast of North America and discovered Newfoundland and Labrador. At the same time, searches were underway for a northeastern route to India through the Arctic Ocean. In the 16-17 centuries. Russian explorers explored the northern coast of the Ob, Yenisei and Lena and mapped the contours of the northern coast of Asia. In 1642, Yakutsk was founded, which became the base for expeditions to the Arctic Ocean.
Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev, who discovered the strait between the Asian continent and America
Great geographical discoveries

slide 21

In 1648, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (c. 1605-1673) left the Kolyma and bypassed the Chukotka peninsula, proving that the Asian continent was separated from America by a strait. The outlines of the northeastern coast of Asia were refined and mapped (1667, "Drawing of the Siberian Land"). But Dezhnev's report on the opening of the strait lay in the Yakut archive for 80 years and was published only in 1758. In the 18th century. the strait discovered by Dezhnev was named after the Danish navigator in the Russian service, Vitus Bering, who in 1728 rediscovered the strait. In 1898, in memory of Dezhnev, a cape in the northeastern tip of Asia was named after him.
Cape Dezhnev
Great geographical discoveries

slide 22

In the 15th - 17th centuries. as a result of bold sea and land expeditions, a significant part of the Earth was discovered and explored. Paths were laid that connected distant countries and continents. The great geographical discoveries marked the beginning of the creation of the colonial system, contributed to the formation of the world market and played an important role in the formation of the capitalist economic system in Europe. For the newly discovered and conquered countries, they brought mass extermination, the planting of the most cruel forms of exploitation, the forcible introduction of Christianity. The rapid decline in the indigenous population of the Americas led to the importation of African slaves and widespread plantation slavery.
Great geographical discoveries

slide 23

America's gold and silver poured into Europe, causing there a frenzied rise in the prices of all commodities, the so-called price revolution. This primarily benefited the owners of manufactories, capitalists and merchants, since prices rose faster than wage. The “price revolution” contributed to the rapid ruin of artisans and handicraftsmen; in the countryside, nobles and wealthy peasants who sold food on the market benefited the most from it. All this contributed to the accumulation of capital. As a result of the Great geographical discoveries, Europe's ties with Africa and Asia expanded, and relations with America were established. The center of world trade and economic life has moved from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean.
Great geographical discoveries
Europeans and Islanders on Easter Island. Engraving of the 18th century.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

2 slide

Description of the slide:

One of the first geographical maps was compiled by the ancient Greek scientist Hecateus in the 6th-5th centuries. BC. the map looked very different than it does now. How it does not look like modern maps!!!

3 slide

Description of the slide:

4 slide

Description of the slide:

The great geographical discoveries - a period in the history of mankind that began in the 15th century and lasted until the 17th century, during which Europeans discovered new lands and sea routes to Africa, America, Asia and Oceania in search of new trading partners and sources of goods that were in great demand in Europe. Historians usually relate the "Great Discoveries" to the pioneering long-distance sea voyages of Portuguese and Spanish travelers in search of alternative trade routes to the "India" for gold, silver and spices.

5 slide

Description of the slide:

6 slide

Description of the slide:

7 slide

Description of the slide:

8 slide

Description of the slide:

9 slide

Description of the slide:

The discovery of America by Columbus in 1492 Christopher Columbus assembled the first expedition from three ships - the Santa Maria, the caravels Pinta and Nina. 87 people of the expedition personnel. The flotilla left Palos on August 3, 1492, turned west from the Canary Islands, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, opening the Sargasso Sea and reached an island in the Bahamas (the first to see American land was the sailor "Pinta" Rodrigo de Triana on October 12, 1492). Columbus landed on the coast, which the locals call Guanahani, hoisted a banner on it, declared the open land the property of the Spanish king, and formally took possession of the island. The island was named San Salvador. October 12 is considered the official date for the discovery of America.

10 slide

Description of the slide:

11 slide

Description of the slide:

The first landing of Christopher Columbus on the shores of the New World: in San Salvador, Wisconsin, October 12, 1492.

12 slide

Description of the slide:

Columbus returned to Castile on the Nina on March 15, 1493. From America, Columbus brought seven captive American natives, who were called Indians in Europe, as well as some gold and plants and fruits hitherto unknown in the Old World, including an annual corn plant (in Haiti it is called maize), tomatoes, peppers, tobacco (“ dried leaves, which were especially prized by the locals"), pineapples, cocoa and potatoes (because of their beautiful pink and white flowers).

13 slide

Description of the slide:

Second expedition, 1493-1496. The queen ordered to convert the natives to the Christian faith. Columbus easily found 1200 people who agreed to go with him as future settlers. A flotilla of 17 ships set off from Cadiz across the Atlantic. On November 3, they landed on a Caribbean island that Columbus named Dominica. From there, he sailed along the Lesser Antilles and the Virgin Islands, bypassing Puerto Rico, to Hispaniola. To the great surprise of the arrivals, it turned out that all 39 people left in Navidad in January had died, mainly as a result of skirmishes with the natives. Despite this, Columbus founded a new settlement, naming it La Isabela after the Queen of Spain. Unfortunately, the place for the settlement was chosen poorly: there was no fresh water nearby, and because of this it was subsequently abandoned. In addition to searching for gold and locating the ports of the "Great Khanate of China", Columbus was engaged in the slave trade. He and his men, armed with arquebuses, along with horses (who first came to America during this journey) and fighting dogs, marched through Hispaniola, bartering for gold, and if they met resistance, they took the gold by force and captured prisoners.

14 slide

Description of the slide:

In total, Columbus made 4 trips to America: The first trip (August 3, 1492 - March 15, 1493). Second journey (September 25, 1493 - June 11, 1496). Third voyage (May 30, 1498 - November 25, 1500). Fourth journey (May 9, 1502 - November 1504).

15 slide

Description of the slide:

The great navigator spent the last years of his life in oblivion. On May 20, 1506, Columbus died, a poor, sick man, still believing that the land he had discovered was India. In 1517, the Spaniards reached the territory of modern Mexico, the Yucatan Peninsula, and began to rapidly conquer the lands of continental America. By no means questioning the great achievement of Christopher Columbus, nevertheless it is worth noting that formally he discovered only the islands off the coast of Central America. As for continental America, Columbus visited it only on his third trip, and in North America and never was.

16 slide

Description of the slide:

Christopher Columbus is undoubtedly one of those people whose deeds had a huge impact on the history of all mankind.

17 slide

Description of the slide:

In 1501, Vespucci went to South America as part of a Portuguese expedition. The traveler reached the coast of Brazil and followed it far to the south, discovering the Rio de la Plata (now La Plata). As a result of these and other travels, Vespucci came to the conclusion that the unknown huge land mass was not part of Asia, but was a new continent.

18 slide

Description of the slide:

So why was the new continent named America? It's all about letters to noble friends in which Vespucci described his travels and geographical discoveries. And Vespucci's friends tried to spread information about his travels. The inquisitive public greeted these first reports of the New World with great interest. And Columbus did not widely disseminate information about his travels. In addition, Columbus in his four expeditions explored only a small part of Central America and considered it the eastern edge of Asia. And Vespucci is the central and most of the coast of South America. In 1507 the cartographer Waldseemüller attributed the discovery of a new continent by Columbus to Vespucci and named it America.

19 slide

Description of the slide:

About the discovery of the New World, it is said as follows: "Amerigo Vespucci, truly speaking, has informed humanity more widely about this." Therefore, it was proposed to name the discovered land "by the name of the wise man who discovered it." Rather fantastic contours of the New World were drawn on the world map with the inscription: "America". The sound of this word turned out to be attractive to many people.

20 slide

Description of the slide:

Even in the Middle Ages, there were stories that in southern hemisphere there is a huge continent. But no one saw him. People wanted to know what it looked like and what its inhabitants were like. They called it "the unknown southern land" or "terra australius incognita".

21 slide

22 slide

Description of the slide:

In 1642, the Danes sent Captain Abel Tasman to explore what was to the east of the continent. He discovered the island that is now called Tasmania, as well as New Holland. Some time later, he also explored the northern coast of Australia.

23 slide

Description of the slide:

24 slide

Description of the slide:

In 1768 the British government organized an expedition to conduct geographical and astronomical research in the Pacific Ocean. This expedition, led by Captain James Cook, reached the east coast of Australia in 1770. It followed the coast to the north for a distance of 1670 km from present-day eastern Victoria to the Torres Strait. Cook called this land New South Wales and declared it the possession of England. James Cook

25 slide

Description of the slide:

The colonization of Australia by the British practically began 18 years after James Cook visited it. In January 1788, a sea transport arrived on the east coast of Australia from England, which delivered several hundred convicts. A city was founded here, named Sydney - in honor of the then British Foreign Minister. The British government, after the loss of the North American colonies, decided to choose Australia as a place of exile for criminals. For half a century ships with convicts were regularly sent there. There were very few free settlers in the country. Only the discovery of gold deposits in the middle of the 19th century caused a significant influx. This is how Australia was discovered.

26 slide

Description of the slide:

The arrival of Europeans in Australia proved detrimental to the Aborigines. Aborigines were driven away from water sources and hunting grounds, especially in the most attractive and favorable areas for life in the south and east of the mainland. Many of the natives died of hunger and thirst or were killed in clashes with white settlers. Many died from diseases introduced by the Europeans to which they had no immunity. The aboriginal population was used as cheap labor in the livestock farms (ranches) of white settlers in the interior of the country.

27 slide

Description of the slide:

28 slide

Description of the slide:

29 slide

Description of the slide:

Antarctica (Greek ἀνταρκτικός - the opposite of the Arctic) is a continent located in the very south of the Earth, the center of Antarctica approximately coincides with the geographic south pole. Antarctica is washed by the waters of the Southern Ocean. The area of ​​the continent is about 14,107,000 km² (of which ice shelves - 930,000 km², islands - 75,500 km²). Antarctica is also called the part of the world, consisting of the mainland of Antarctica and adjacent islands.

30 slide

Description of the slide:

“On the edge of our planet lies, like a sleeping princess, the earth, chained in blue. Sinister and beautiful, she lies in her frosty slumber, in the folds of a mantle of snow, glowing with amethysts and emeralds of ice. She sleeps in the iridescence of the icy halos of the Moon and the Sun, and her horizons are painted in pink, blue, gold and green tones of pastel ... Such is Antarctica - a continent almost equal in area to South America, whose internal regions are actually less known to us than the illuminated side of the Moon ". So wrote in 1947 the American explorer of Antarctica Richard Baird. At that time, scientists had just begun a systematic study of the sixth continent - the most mysterious and harsh area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe globe.

31 slide

Description of the slide:

The ancient Greeks were the first to come up with the idea of ​​Antarctica. They knew about the Arctic - Arktos is an icy region in the Northern Hemisphere. And they decided that in order to balance the world, there should be a similar cold area in the Southern Hemisphere, which would be the same, but the opposite "Ant - Arktos" - opposite the Arctic. They never swam there, it was just a miracle to guess! There is also a version that Antarctica is the opposite of the star Arcturus - the brightest star in the sky, or the opposite of the once blooming edge of Arctida, which, like Atlantis, disappeared without a trace