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home Insurance Echelon designation. Reshuffles in the highest echelons of Russian power are just beginning Echeloning in Russia

Echelon designation. Reshuffles in the highest echelons of Russian power are just beginning Echeloning in Russia

Echelons of power

Echelons of power ECHELON, -a, m.

Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949-1992 .


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Principles of vertical separation

Vertical separation and echelon

Vertical separation called the dispersion of aircraft by height. To create vertical separation intervals, the concept was introduced echelon. This is a conditional height, calculated at standard pressure and separated from other heights by the amount of established intervals.

The standard pressure value (QNE) is 760 mmHg. Art. (1013.2 hectopascals, 29.921 inches Hg) - the same all over the world, but the vertical separation scheme may differ in different countries. When crossing the boundaries of airspaces in which different schemes operate, pilots change flight level according to the instructions of the dispatcher (either before entering a new zone or after, it depends on the direction of the flight).

Semicircular system and its analogues

Vertical separation is usually carried out in a semi-circular system. This means that in the pattern, flight directions alternate from flight level to flight level. For example, in Russia, a flight level of 3300 m is assigned to aircraft moving from west to east (heading from 0° to 179°). The next flight level of 3600 m is assigned when flying from east to west (heading from 180° to 359°). The next 3900 m - again to the east, etc. The semicircular scheme is used in almost all countries of the world, but may have its own characteristics.

For example, in Russia, the angle is measured according to the true (geographical) path angle, and in many other countries - according to the magnetic one. Due to the peculiarities of the geographical location of the country, sometimes angles may not be measured from 0° and 180°. So, in Chile there is a shift of 30°, and in France, New Zealand, and Vietnam - by 90°.

In some cases, the quadrant separation scheme, which was the main one for ICAO until 1963, is used. It operates in many countries such as India, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Japan, and also in the UK for visual and instrument flights in uncontrolled airspace below FL245. The first echelon is located in the first quadrant (0°-89°, magnetic track angle), the second - in the second quadrant (90°-179°), the third - in the third quadrant (180°-269°), the fourth - in the fourth quadrant ( 270°-359°), the fifth - in the first quadrant and so on.

Transition to flight level

When the aircraft takes off and lands, the airfield atmospheric pressure (QFE) (in Russia) or pressure normalized to sea level (QNH) is set. Thus, the altimeter displays the actual altitude or altitude relative to sea level. The crew needs it to maintain approach and exit procedures.

Shortly after takeoff, the crew sets the standard pressure (QNE) to 760 mmHg. Art. The height at which the standard pressure is crossed is called the transition height. When descending, a new pressure value on the altimeter is set when crossing the transition level. The transition level can vary for each airfield depending on atmospheric pressure; this value is usually available in the ATIS auto information.

The safe flight level and transition altitude are calculated in such a way that there remains a sufficient altitude margin between them (in true terms) even after setting a new pressure value on the altimeter. This provides a “gap” between the transition level and the transition altitude, which eliminates the situation where aircraft flying at the flight level and altitude above ground (or sea level) can intersect at actual altitude. This height range is called the transition layer.

Horizontal flight in the transition layer is prohibited. In this range, only descent or climb is possible.

Vertical separation below lower echelon

The flight does not always take place at flight level. When there is no need to gain lower flight altitude, flights are carried out at the minimum atmospheric pressure along the route, normalized to sea level. At the same time, special vertical separation rules apply. For example, in Russia, flights with speeds of no more than 300 km/h are separated by 150 m, with speeds over 300 km/h - by 300 m.

Separation in Russia

Metric separation in Russia

In Russia, as in some CIS countries, the metric separation system, inherited from the USSR, is used. However, recently the possibility of switching to the RVSM system, which is adopted in most countries of the world, has been widely discussed. As an experiment, RVSM was implemented in the area of ​​responsibility of the Rostov (in the open sea area) and Kaliningrad ATC centers for transit flights.

Separation is carried out according to a semicircular pattern as follows.

The vertical separation interval is set at 300 m from flight level 900 to flight level 8100; interval 500 m - from flight level 8100 to flight level 12100; interval 1000 m - from flight level 12100. Thus (see table):

  • at a true heading angle from 0° to 179° (inclusive), flight levels are set: 900, 1500, 2100, 2700, 3300, 3900, 4500, 5100, 5700, 6300, 6900, 7500, 8100, 9100, 10100, 1 1100, 12100 , 14100, etc;
  • at a true heading angle from 180° to 359° (inclusive), flight levels are set: 1200, 1800, 2400, 3000, 3600, 4200, 4800, 5400, 6000, 6600, 7200, 7800, 8600, 9600, 10 60 0.11 600 , 13 100, 15 100 m, etc.

Separation according to ICAO standards

RVSM separation

Reduced vertical separation minima(English) Reduced vertical separation minima (RVSM) ) - a system of measures designed to increase airspace capacity by reducing the established intervals between flight levels. Already in place in many countries, it provides for 1,000-foot intervals between flight levels in upper airspace. Although this meaning is not unambiguous and the PRC, for example, introduced the RVSM metric system (see below).

The use of reduced vertical separation minima requires not only the adoption of appropriate regulations, but also the technical readiness of the aircraft and crew to comply with these standards. The large number of uncertified aircraft, particularly in Russia, hinders the rapid adoption of RVSM regulations. If an aircraft is not certified to operate under the reduced minima system, it cannot be permitted to operate in the RVSM altitude range and must occupy suitable flight levels below.

Features of vertical separation in some countries

Separation in Great Britain

Separation rules in the UK differ markedly from ICAO standards.

Up to FL245, a quadrant system operates in uncontrolled airspace. When the magnetic track angle (MTA) direction is 0°-89°, an odd thousand flight level is selected, for example, FL130. At MSL 90°-179° - odd thousand level plus 500 feet (FL135), at MSL 180°-269° - even thousand level (FL140), at MSL 270°-359° - even thousand level plus 500 feet, for example FL145 , etc.

Above flight level FL245 the following semicircular scheme operates. When the MSL is less than 180° - the first flight level is FL250, and then with an increase of 2000 feet to FL 330, then with an increase of 4000 feet. When the MSL is more than 180°, but less than 360° - flight level FL260 and then with an increase of 2000 feet to FL 350, then with an increase of 4000 feet.

RVSM has also been introduced in the UK.

Separation in New Zealand

Due to geographical conditions, New Zealand uses a semi-circular design with a 90° offset. It is typical to allocate separate flight levels for visual and instrumental flights.

When flying under visual flight rules (VFR) below 13,000 feet (QNH): at an altitude of 270°-89°, the altitude covered is the odd thousand feet plus 500 feet. At an MPL of 90°-269° the altitude is an even thousand feet plus 500 feet. At a flight level above FL150: at an MSL of 270°-89° the level of an odd thousand feet plus 500 feet (including FL155) is occupied; at an MSL of 90°-269° the level of an even thousand feet plus 500 feet is occupied.

When flying under instrument flight rules (IFR) below an altitude of 13,000 feet: at an altitude of 270°-89° the altitude is an odd thousand feet. At MPL 90°-269° the altitude is an even thousand feet. At a flight level above FL150: at an MSL of 270°-89° the odd thousand feet flight level (including FL150) is occupied; at an MSL of 90°-269° the even thousand feet flight level is engaged. When flying above flight level FL410 with an MSL of 270°-89°, flight levels are engaged at intervals of 4000 feet, starting from flight level FL450. At LCL 90°-269° flight levels are engaged at intervals of 4000 feet, starting from flight level FL430.

Separation in China

Metric separation in China

The system is semicircular, reporting is carried out from 0° and 180° of the true track angle. The separation scheme is shown in the table. At flight levels from 8900 to 12500, the reduced separation minimum is 300 meters, above - 500 meters.

Longitudinal separation

Longitudinal separation refers to the dispersion of aircraft at the same altitude over time or distance along a track.

On international air routes, two types of longitudinal separation are used: by time and by distance.

Longitudinal time separation is:

1. On the same route and flight level:

  • 3 min if V1 > V2 at 40 knots;
  • 5 min if V1 > V2 at 20 knots;
  • 10 min if V1 = V2 (if there is a sufficient amount of RNT);
  • 15 min if V1 = V2 (in the absence of sufficient RHT).

2. On overlapping courses at the same echelon:

  • 15 minutes if there is not enough RNT.

3. During climb and descent, if an aircraft crosses the flight level of another aircraft on a common track:

  • 10 minutes if there is a sufficient amount of RNT;
  • 15 minutes in the absence of a sufficient amount of RNT;
  • 5 minutes (if crossing the flight level of another aircraft occurs no later than 10 minutes from the passage of a fixed RNT).

Longitudinal distance separation (with DME) is:

On the same route and flight level:

  • 10 nautical miles if V1 > V2 by 20 knots or more;

On overlapping courses:

  • 10 nautical miles if V1 > V2 by 20 knots or more;
  • 20 nautical miles if V1 = V2.

4. When climbing and descending - 10 miles in all cases.

Lateral separation

Lateral separation refers to the dispersion of aircraft at the same altitude by the distance or angular displacement between their tracks.

Right side separation

When oncoming traffic of aircraft is ascending or descending, each aircraft must adhere to the right side of the track so as to be slightly to the right of the track axis. The principle of separation - to follow the route a little to the right - is the official principle. How far to the right is not specified.

Separation of international air routes over the ocean

Carried out in degrees of latitude or distance:

  • on North Atlantic routes, the distance between adjacent routes must be at least 120 nautical miles;
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Separation in aviation - vertical, horizontal (longitudinal, lateral) dispersal of aircraft in the airspace at established intervals in order to prevent the convergence of aircraft and possible emergency situations.

Separation control is carried out by the dispatcher in accordance with the regulatory documents in force in the country, and when flying under visual flight rules, also by the pilot of the aircraft. There are other measures designed to prevent aircraft from getting dangerously close, for example, the TCAS system.

Flight designation

In most countries of the world, flight levels are calculated in feet and are abbreviated FL (Flight Level), followed by the flight level altitude in hundreds of feet. The designation of units is omitted. For example, FL240- level 24,000 feet.

In China, echelons are meter and are designated by a number - the echelon height - with units indicated, for example, flight level 10100 m.

Semicircular system and its analogues

Vertical separation is usually carried out in a semi-circular system. This means that in the pattern, flight directions alternate from flight level to flight level. For example, in the Russian Federation, flight level 110 is assigned to aircraft moving from west to east (true track angle from 0° to 179°). The next flight level 120 is assigned when flying from east to west (true track angle from 180° to 359°). The next 130 goes east again, etc. The semicircular scheme is used in almost all countries of the world, but may have its own characteristics.

For example, in Russia, the counting is carried out according to the true path angle, in other countries - from the magnetic or conventional meridian. Due to the peculiarities of the geographical location of the country, sometimes angles may not be measured from 0° and 180°. So, in Chile there is a shift of 30°, and in New Zealand and Vietnam - by 90°.

In some cases, the quadrant separation scheme, which was the main one for ICAO until 1963, is used. It operates in many countries such as India, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Japan, and also in the UK for visual and instrument flights in uncontrolled airspace below FL245. The first echelon is located in the first quadrant (0°-89°, magnetic track angle), the second - in the second quadrant (90°-179°), the third - in the third quadrant (180°-269°), the fourth - in the fourth quadrant ( 270°-359°), the fifth - in the first quadrant and so on.

Transition to flight level

When the aircraft takes off and lands, the airfield atmospheric pressure (QFE) (in Russia) or pressure normalized to sea level (QNH) is set. Thus, the altimeter displays the actual altitude or altitude relative to sea level. The crew needs it to maintain approach and exit procedures.

Shortly after takeoff, the crew sets the standard pressure (QNE) to 760 mmHg. Art. The height at the intersection of which standard pressure is established is called transition height. It is published in airfield diagrams. When descending, a new pressure value on the altimeter is set when crossing the transition level. The transition level can vary for each airfield depending on atmospheric pressure; this value is usually available in the ATIS auto information.

The safe flight level and transition altitude are calculated in such a way that there remains a sufficient altitude margin between them (in true terms) even after setting a new pressure value on the altimeter. This ensures a safe interval of at least 300 meters between the transition level and the transition altitude, which eliminates the situation where aircraft flying at the flight level and altitude relative to the ground (or sea level) can intersect at the actual altitude. This height range is called the transition layer.

Horizontal flight in the transition layer is prohibited. In this range, only descent or climb is possible.

Vertical separation below lower echelon

The flight does not always take place at flight level. When there is no need to climb to the lower flight level, flights are carried out at the minimum of the standard atmospheric pressure (QNH) normalized to mean sea level. At the same time, special vertical separation rules apply. For example, in Russia, aircraft are dispersed in altitude at set intervals, expressed in absolute (relative) altitude values ​​when flying at the transition altitude and below.

Vertical separation in the airfield area and holding area

When performing flights in the area of ​​a controlled aerodrome, in the aerodrome control service area, in the approach control service area and in the holding area, vertical separation is carried out according to the current scheme, regardless of the direction of flight of the aircraft.

Separation according to ICAO standards

ICAO Separation (ISR)

ICAO rules are basic for the whole world, although individual countries can introduce major changes. They are based on a semicircular pattern. The separation scheme for IFR (instrument flight rules) is given in table.

RVSM separation

RVSM separation

Reduced vertical separation minima(English) Reduced vertical separation minima (RVSM)) - a system of measures designed to increase airspace capacity by reducing the established intervals between flight levels. Already introduced in many countries, including Russia, it provides for intervals of 1000 feet between levels in the upper airspace (in the range FL290 - FL410). The separation scheme for IFR is shown in the table.

The scheme for the distribution of flight levels when using reduced vertical separation minima is not unambiguous, and the People's Republic of China, for example, introduced the metric RVSM system (see below).

The use of reduced vertical separation minima requires not only the adoption of appropriate regulations, but also the technical readiness of the aircraft and crew to comply with these standards. The large number of uncertified aircraft, particularly in Russia, hinders the rapid adoption of RVSM regulations. If an aircraft is not certified to operate under the reduced minima system, it cannot be permitted to fly into the RVSM altitude range and must occupy suitable flight levels below or above.

The history of the implementation of RVSM in the airspace of different countries can be found on the website of the US Federal Air Agency.

Separation in Russia

On November 17, 2011, it was introduced in Russia Error in footnotes? : Incorrect call: invalid keys, for example too many keys were specified or the key was incorrect separation based on numbered levels, the names of which correspond to altitudes in hundreds of feet, and absolute (relative) altitudes in meters. The separation scheme thus follows the RVSM separation scheme (see above). The changes, however, did not affect the calculation of altitudes below the transition level, where altitude is still expressed only in meters.

History of separation in Russia

Previously used metric separation in Russia

Until November 17, 2011, Russia used a metric separation system inherited from the USSR.

The separation was carried out according to a semicircular pattern as follows.

The vertical separation interval was set at 300 m from flight level 900 to flight level 8100; interval 500 m - from flight level 8100 to flight level 12100; interval 1000 m - from flight level 12100. Thus (see table):

  • at a true heading angle from 0° to 179° (inclusive), flight levels were set: 900, 1500, 2100, 2700, 3300, 3900, 4500, 5100, 5700, 6300, 6900, 7500, 8100, 9100, 10100, 1100, 12100, 14100, etc;
  • at a true heading angle from 180° to 359° (inclusive), flight levels were set: 1200, 1800, 2400, 3000, 3600, 4200, 4800, 5400, 6000, 6600, 7200, 7800, 8600, 9600, 10 60 0, 11 600, 13 100, 15 100 m, etc.

History of RVSM in Russia

To facilitate flight operations in airspace where aircraft were under the control of Russian controllers for only a short time, special separation was introduced that meets ICAO standards.

Thus, in the area of ​​​​responsibility of the Kaliningrad ATC center, separation was in effect according to ICAO standards, and RVSM standards were applied. At the same time, in the takeoff and landing zone of the Kaliningrad airport, metric altitudes were used up to the transition altitude during takeoff and after the transition level during descent.

In the area of ​​responsibility of the Rostov ATC Center over open waters, ICAO separation standards were applied in the range of flight levels from FL210 to FL430, and in the range from FL290 to FL410 RVSM rules were applied.

Features of vertical separation in some countries

Separation in Great Britain

Separation rules in the UK are the same as ICAO standards when it comes to controlled airspace. It is typical to allocate separate flight levels for visual and instrument flights.

When flying under visual flight rules (VFR) below 13,000 feet (QNH): at an altitude of 270°-89°, the altitude covered is the odd thousand feet plus 500 feet. At an MPL of 90°-269° the altitude is an even thousand feet plus 500 feet. At a flight level above FL150: at an MSL of 270°-89° the level of an odd thousand feet plus 500 feet (including FL155) is occupied; at an MSL of 90°-269° the level of an even thousand feet plus 500 feet is occupied.

When flying under instrument flight rules (IFR) below an altitude of 13,000 feet: at an altitude of 270°-89° the altitude is an odd thousand feet. At MPL 90°-269° the altitude is an even thousand feet. At a flight level above FL150: at an MSL of 270°-89° the odd thousand feet flight level (including FL150) is occupied; at an MSL of 90°-269° the even thousand feet flight level is engaged. When flying above flight level FL410 with an MSL of 270°-89°, flight levels are engaged at intervals of 4000 feet, starting from flight level FL450. At LCL 90°-269° flight levels are engaged at intervals of 4000 feet, starting from flight level FL430.

Separation in China (RVSM)

Metric separation in China

The system is semicircular, reporting is carried out from 0° and 180° of the true track angle. The separation scheme is shown in the table. At flight levels from 8900 to 12500, the reduced separation minimum is 300 meters, above - 600 meters.

Horizontal separation

Horizontal separation call the dispersal of aircraft in a horizontal plane by distance at set intervals.

In Russia

In Russia, the minimum horizontal separation intervals when using an air traffic services surveillance system are established:

a) for area control service and approach control service - at least 10 km;

b) during airfield control services:

at least 5 km, with the exception of cases of performing procedures for parallel takeoffs and landings of aircraft;

at least 10 km in cases where:

the aircraft is following an aircraft weighing 136,000 kg or more;

the aircraft crosses the wake of an aircraft weighing 136,000 kg or more;

An aircraft following an aircraft with a mass of 136,000 kg or more uses the same runway or parallel runways less than 1 000 meters apart.

The minimum time intervals of longitudinal separation during aircraft flights under instrument flight rules without the use of an air traffic services surveillance system are established:

a) between aircraft flying at the same flight level (altitude) in the same direction:

for regional dispatch service and (or) approach control service - 10 minutes;

during airfield dispatch service when performing an approach maneuver - 3 minutes;

b) when crossing a passing flight level (altitude) occupied by another aircraft - 10 minutes. at the moment of crossing;

c) when crossing an oncoming flight level (altitude) occupied by another aircraft - 20 minutes. at the moment of crossing;

d) between aircraft following intersecting routes (at intersection angles from 45° to 135° and from 225° to 315°) at the same flight level (altitude) - 15 minutes. at the moment of crossing.

Minimum longitudinal separation intervals for aircraft flights under instrument flight rules without the use of an air traffic services surveillance system in the conditions of using contract automatic dependent surveillance and controller-pilot communications via a data link when moving along the same route at the same altitude, along intersecting routes at the same altitude, along one route with the intersection of occupied passing trains, along one route with the intersection of occupied oncoming trains during regional dispatch service, the following are installed:

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