Professions related to the production of wood and wood materials. Work related to the processing and removal of trees (arboriculture). Metal processing technology

The woodworking industry is very extensive. Before reaching the consumer, timber goes through many stages of cutting - from primary to finishing. Some species are broad-spectrum, others are highly specialized. It all depends on what the end result will be. For example, sawing is a primary processing process, and most timber is subjected to it. But bending is a more specialized stage of processing.

Since there are a lot of operations to which wood is subjected, professions in the field of woodworking are also very diverse. Some of them are very popular, but in general it all depends on what kind of products the company deals with.

Main specialties

There are woodworking professions that are common. They often relate to processes associated with the primary processing stage. The main ones are:

• machine saw operator;
• framer;
• operator of timber processing plants and lines;
• operator of aggregate lines for sorting and processing wood;
• marker;
• stacker;
• grinder;
• veneer peeler.

These are some of the most common professions because primary processing all timber passes through. For example, a machine saw operator is a job associated with the main cutting of wood - sawing, in which the trunk is cut into boards, beams, sleepers, etc. In a number of areas, this is the only stage that the material goes through before reaching the consumer.

Related to secondary cutting

After primary processing, the wood goes for secondary processing. Moreover, depending on what happened at the output of the initial stage, the workpieces are delivered to one or another line. And each of them is a specialty related to woodworking. These include the following:

• dryer;
• sorter;
• presser of plates and products;
• finisher;
• grinder;
• carpenter;
• guitarist;
• steamer;
• machine operator;
• cooper;
• gluer;
• cutter

It is worth understanding that almost each of the listed includes more highly specialized specialties. For example, there are a lot of machines used for recycling, and each of them has its own operator.

Other professions

These specialties are directly related to wood processing. But there are also service staff. Such professions related to wood processing include equipment and machine tool adjusters, as well as sharpeners of cutting tools.

And these are not all specializations listed. After all, after secondary processing, the timber can also be sent to the finishing stage. And it also has its own staff. So, if we take the furniture industry, then it has workers such as typesetters of facing materials, assemblers, assemblers, etc. And so with almost any industry that is associated with the manufacture of products from timber.

This also did not include specialties that relate to other methods of forest processing - biological, chemical. In general, the woodworking industry combines a significant number of professions. And as wood processing technologies improve, the list of specialties is constantly growing.

Professions related to wood processing. Wood defects

2017

Lesson objectives:

• Get to know the professions
• Describe each profession
• Define the concept of “wood defect”;
• Learn to recognize the main defects of wood by appearance;
• Form a technological culture.

Profession(lat. profession; from profiteor“I declare my business”) - gender labor activity a person who possesses a complex of theoretical knowledge and skills acquired during special training.

• Carpenter
• Furniture maker
• A carpenter
• Builder
• Master of wood carving or painting
• Sawing machine
• Cooper
• Basket maker, wicker weaver
• Musical instrument maker (Stradivarius)

People of the following professions work with wood:

• Restorer Cabinetmaker Lumberjack
• Gardener Forester
• Agronomist Turner (woodworking)
• Furniture designer Sculptor
• Engineer, woodworking master
• Landscape architect

Forestry combine (harvester) operator

• Harvester, there is also Anglicism « harvester » ( English harvester, from harvest“harvest”) is a machine that performs four or more operations (felling, limbing, skidding, bucking, sorting). If less than four, then it is called a felling machine.
• Installed in the operator's cab computer allows you to control the operation of the combine head and set the lengths of logs to be cut. The program has an automatic mode to achieve the maximum yield of industrial wood when cutting, keeps track of the amount of harvested wood and its species composition.

Forest feller

A feller is a specialist who harvests wood.

• Joiner- professional worker, artisan, working with wood, turning and making wood products or wood-based products. A carpenter is engaged in carpentry work: making complex furniture , doors , windows , arches , stairs and other solid wood products with possible applications veneering , veneering , lamination, no hand carving. A carpenter performs more precise, delicate work than a carpenter, and no less than cutter(or sculptor) on wood. A woodworker can perform unique micro-modelling work on wood bases.

Carpenter

Furniture maker

• A furniture carpenter must have a certain set of basic geometric knowledge, well-developed spatial thinking, a good eye and coordination of movements. To successfully master a profession, he needs an aesthetic sense and artistic taste, good eyesight and color perception, scrupulousness, thoroughness bordering on pedantry, patience, and a good memory for shades of different colors.

A carpenter

• A carpenter- profession, one of the most ancient crafts which is associated with the mechanical processing of wood and the transformation of raw wood into parts, structures and building materials

Builder

• The construction profession is a very ancient one. Thanks to historical architectural buildings, we can learn a lot about the life and culture of our ancestors. Many structures whose age is measured in millennia have survived to this day. Construction masters passed on their experience from generation to generation.
• Every year in our country a large number of different buildings are erected everywhere. These include residential complexes, cottage villages, institutions, industrial enterprises etc. Therefore, the demand for the construction profession is obvious.
• Engineering and design personnel
• Performers.

Master of wood carving or painting

• Wood carving- view arts and crafts(carving is also one of the types of artistic woodworking along with sawing and turning), as well as art in general (this is an ancient folk craft).

Sawing machine

• SAWER, A worker engaged in sawing, sawing something

Cooper

• Cooper - artisan, making barrels, sometimes a ship mast maker.
• The craft is called cooperage. Previously, it was widespread. In the 21st century, the profession of cooper is still necessary, since real wooden barrels are required in the production guilt And cognac .
• Cooper using an ax and other carpentry tools he fits the rivets of the barrel one to the other, planes them, makes the folds (rebates) with a rebate, drives the bottom into them and ties everything together with wooden or iron hoops.

Basket maker, wicker weaver

• Vine weaving - craft making wickerwork from vines: household utensils and containers for various purposes, such as boxes , baskets , vases etc., furniture (tables, chairs, chests, cradle) etc. By vine we mean any natural material of plant origin, capable of bending easily with certain processing, and under normal conditions maintaining its shape. Name of the material - " vine" comes from grapevine, from which baskets were woven. Often the material for weaving is willow rod, it is used for weaving as in Europe, and in Asia, in addition, in Asia they weave from such material as rattan And bamboo. Wicker weaving technique can be very diverse.

Musical instrument maker (Stradivarius)

• A guitar maker is a narrow specialization within the profession of “master of plucked musical instruments.” In addition to guitars, plucked instruments include harps, harps, balalaikas, domras, etc. Therefore, the craftsmen who make these instruments are colleagues of the guitar maker. Another related specialty is a violin maker - a specialist in the manufacture and repair of bowed musical instruments (violins, violas, cellos).

Wood defects

• Wood defects are features and disadvantages wood like everything trunk tree

The main wood defects include:

• Cracks;
• Insect damage;
• Changes in the shape of the trunk and structure of the wood;
• Knots;
• Rot.

Types of knots:

• Knots are the base of branches enclosed in the trunk of a tree, living or dead during the life of the tree.

Cracks:

• Cracks – this is a break wood along the fibers. Forms a group wood defects .

Insect damage

• Insect damage (wormhole) – these are holes and passages left by insects (beetles and their larvae) that feed on wood.

Trunk shape defects– these are the features and disadvantages wood like everything trunk tree, as well as its individual sections, worsening its properties and limiting the possibilities of its use.

Wood structural defects- these are deviations from the norm in the structure of the trunk, all violations of the physical condition.

Rot Wood infection occurs as a result of damage to it by wood-destroying fungi, which can develop both on a growing tree and on a felled tree.

Questions. (written)

• What professions involve tree processing?

A) Carpenter; B) Furniture maker; B) Carpenter; D) Bondar; D) Locksmith

• Define the profession "CARPENTER".
• Who is STRADIVARI?
• Name 6 wood defects.
• What types of knots are shown in the picture?

• Name 5 defects in the shape of a trunk.

In most cases, metal is either durable or expensive and difficult to process. Working with it requires knowledge, skills, qualifications and responsibility. That is why professions related to metal are respected, which is why these professions are in demand on the labor market.

If you stretch your imagination, a connection with metal can be found in any profession. Even the announcer can read an important message with a hint of metal in his voice. But we will only consider professions that are directly related to this substance.

It would be interesting to go through the chain - from obtaining metal to production finished products out of him.

The difficulty is that different metals are “born” in different ways. Some lie deep in the earth in the form of polymetallic ores, such as gold, and then it is mined by miners, while others come to the surface and are mined by opencast mining.

Let's skip several stages related to ore mining, enrichment, chemical or mechanical separation of the charge suitable for smelting.

Let's start with metallurgist profession – very difficult and very honorable. Difficult because you have to deal with huge volumes of metal, huge equipment that operates continuously and consumes a huge amount of energy.

Metallurgist is a very broad concept. It includes all professions associated with ore beneficiation and smelting pure metal.

Steelmaker in a steel or copper smelter or a galvanist who conducts the electrolysis of molten salt - metallurgists.

A metallurgist needs to thoroughly know all the intricacies of the process, have vast experience and a keen eye in order to catch the moment when the welded metal acquires the optimal composition. It is important not to miss this moment, otherwise the value of the smelting and the grade of the resulting metal are reduced and wasted material resources and the efforts of large teams.

Melting and pouring metal into molds is only the beginning of the path to obtaining a finished metal product.

Metal is supplied to processing plants in the form of pigs, sheets, rods or profiles of various sections. There, people who perform work related to metal processing deal with it.

Rolled products are produced at special rolling mills, where the billets pass through a large number of rotating shafts, gradually acquiring a cross-section of the desired shape and size. There are hot and cold rolled products. And the profession of people involved in the production of rolled products is called accordingly - rental company .

Not all smelted metal ends up in the tight embrace of rolling mills. The part in the form of pigs is intended for smelting alloys. To melt them, various metals and other additives are placed in the furnace in the required weight proportions, which after smelting form one or another alloy.

The time has come to emphasize that the metallurgist is not only a worker at the furnace, but often a scientist who leads research work in order to obtain alloys with predetermined properties, or a scientist who seeks to develop a new, less expensive process for producing metal.

Another way for metal in ingots is to go into the furnace foundry worker . It is also a very difficult profession. In short, the foundry must prepare the mold, melt the alloy and, once the desired temperature is reached, pour it into the mold. You can pour the metal with a hand ladle (a kind of ladle) or a large mechanized ladle. Over time, the melt will cool and become strong. The mold is opened (or broken if it is one-time) and a part is obtained that is suitable for further processing. In some cases, the result is an almost finished part.

It's simple, you say. One could agree, but there are a lot of factors influencing the quality of the casting. Temperature and humidity in the room, the quality of the charge prepared for melting, the temperature of the alloy, the quality of the mold lubricant, the pouring speed and other “little things” affect the quality of the casting.

Metallurgists also include welder . People in this profession can concentrate the power of an electric arc, the heat of a gas or plasma torch flame, and, more recently, focus laser radiation so that local melting of joined parts and their connection into an integral structure begins in the right place. It’s also not easy, very necessary profession.

The construction of openwork structures from profiles, welding of containers from metal sheets, thousands of kilometers of pipelines and much more is impossible without a welder.

The number of methods of influencing metal in order to obtain parts and structures of a given shape and given dimensions is constantly growing.

Processing by cutting off unnecessary mass of metal - the so-called cutting processing - is carried out by workers of the following professions:

• turners on lathes , including on machines with numerical control;
• milling operators on milling machines of various types, including software-controlled machining centers;
• locksmiths on drilling machines when drilling holes;
• grinders on flat and cylindrical grinding machines;
• tool makers (an outstanding category of specialists pursuing micron precision parts). In their work they often use non-standard devices, techniques, and tools. Relatives of the famous Lefty;
• Borers on jig boring machines obtain calibrated holes in parts in the right places.

Prefer pressure treatment blacksmiths, stampers . Drawing, die-cutting, hot-shaping, and, as a result, artistic forging products - this is the roughly outlined area of ​​their activity.

Relatively new directions are laser and plasma cutting on special machines operating according to a program. It turns out that even programmer profession associated with metal.

It is not enough to manufacture a part or weld a structure. Often the properties of a metal are very sensitive to what the cooling regime was like after melting, whether it was quenched (or tempered) at a certain temperature in a certain environment.

Thermist - here is a person who can make a cutting tool from a soft blank. It will not allow cracks to appear in parts after casting.

Many parts, even under normal conditions, are eaten away by corrosion. Can protect the metal surface galvanizer, by electrochemically applying a layer of another metal to the surface of the part.

It would be worth mentioning people who test metal in laboratories, carry out rapid chemical analysis during technological processes, and conduct exploration of new deposits, but the length of the article forces us to stop listing professions. A complete list is impossible in principle, since this list is constantly updated.

You might be interested.

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Import numpy as np import pandas as pd # simple example df = pd.DataFrame([, , ], columns=["A", "B"]) np.random.seed(123) # for generating reproducible values ​​# creation example DataFrame with random data of various types df = pd.DataFrame(( # some ways to create random data "a":np.random.randn(6), "b":np.random.choice(, 6), "c" :np.random.choice(["panda","python","shark"], 6), # some ways to create systematic groups for indexing or groupby # this is similar to r"s expand.grid(), see note 2 below "d":np.repeat(range(3), 2), "e":np.tile(range(2), 3), # a date range and set of random dates "f":pd. date_range("1/1/2011", periods=6, freq="D"), "g":np.random.choice(pd.date_range("1/1/2011", periods=365, freq=" D"), 6, replace=False) ))

A b c d e f g 0 -1.085631 NaN panda 0 0 2011-01-01 2011-08-12 1 0.997345 7 shark 0 1 2011-01-02 2011-11-10 2 0.282978 5 panda 1 0 2011-01-03 2011 -10- 30 3 -1.506295 7 python 1 1 2011-01-04 2011-09-07 4 -0.578600 NaN shark 2 0 2011-01-05 2011-02-27 5 1.651437 7 python 2 1 2011-01-06 2011 -02- 03

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"In God we trust, all others must bring data."

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