Who was published in a contemporary. History of the journal "Contemporary. journalism profession creative contemporary
Sovremennik is the name of various Russian magazines of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
"Contemporary" by Pushkin and Pletnev
"Contemporary" (1837)
Literary and socio-political magazine founded by A. Pushkin. He appeared in St. Petersburg since 1836 4 times a year. The magazine published works by Nikolai Gogol ("Carriage", "Morning of a Business Man", "Nose"), Alexander Turgenev, V. A. Zhukovsky, P. A. Vyazemsky, V. F. Odoevsky, D. V. Davydov, N. M. Yazykov, E. A. Baratynsky, F. I. Tyutchev, A. V. Koltsova. The first issue contained an article "On Rhyme" by EF Rosen. He published poetry, prose, critical, historical, ethnographic and other materials.
The magazine had no readership success: the Russian public still had to get used to a new type of serious periodical, devoted to topical issues, interpreted by hints, if necessary. The magazine had only 600 subscribers, which made it ruinous for the publisher, as neither printing costs nor employee fees were covered. Pushkin fills more than half of the last two volumes of Sovremennik with his works, for the most part, anonymous. The magazine published his "Feast of Peter I", "From A. Chenier", "The Miser daughter".
After Pushkin's death, the magazine was continued during 1837 by a group of writers headed by P.A.Vyazemsky, then P.A.Pletnev (1837-1846). S. A. Zakrevskaya made her debut in the magazine (1837, vol. 8). In 1838-1847, the magazine published articles, stories, novels, and translations of F.F.Korf. From 1843 the magazine began to be published monthly. The magazine fell into disrepair. P. A. Pletnev in September 1846 sold it to N. A. Nekrasov and I. I. Panaev.
"Contemporary" by Nekrasov and Panaev
Literary and socio-political monthly magazine; came out on January 1, 1847. In 1847-1848 A. V. Nikitenko was the official editor. The journal's program was determined by the articles of its ideological leader V.G.Belinsky.
Nekrasov attracted to participation in the journal I. S. Turgenev, I. A. Goncharov ("An Ordinary History"), A. I. Herzen ("Who is to blame?" P. Ogareva, A. Druzhinina ("Polinka Saks"). The magazine published works of L. N. Tolstoy, articles by T. N. Granovsky, S. M. Solovyov, K. D. Kavelin. The journal published translations of works by Charles Dickens, Georges Sand, Thackeray and other Western European writers.
From 1853, along with Nekrasov, N.G. Chernyshevsky became the head of the journal, and N.A. Dobrolyubov from 1856. Since 1858, the journal waged a sharp polemic with liberal and conservative journalism, became the ideological center and tribune of the revolutionary-democratic trend in Russian social thought. This led to a split in the editorial board: Tolstoy, Turgenev, D.V. Grigorovich left it.
In June 1862 the magazine was suspended for 8 months. The editorial office of the journal renewed by Nekrasov at the beginning of 1863 included M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (until 1864), M. A. Antonovich, G. Z. Eliseev, A. N. Pypin. The magazine published works of Saltykov-Shchedrin, V. A. Sleptsov, F. M. Reshetnikov, G. I. Uspensky. The magazine was closed in June 1866.
"Contemporary" 1911-1915
Monthly magazine "literature, politics, science, history, art and public life", published in 1911-1915 in St. Petersburg. From 1914 he came out 2 times a month. The actual editor was A.V. Amfitheatrov, from 1913 - N. Sukhanov (N.N. Gimmer).
Literature
* The history of Russian journalism in the 18th-19th centuries. Moscow: Higher school, 1966.S. 188-194, 267-281.
A group of writers from the Sovremennik magazine:
I.S. Turgenev, V.A. Sollogub, L.N. Tolstoy,
ON THE. D. V. Nekrasov Grigorovich, I.I. Panaev.
"Sovremennik" - Russian monthly magazine, published in St. Petersburg from 1847 to 1866. Publishers - N.A. Nekrasov and I.I. Panaev. In 1847 and in the first half of 1848, when the ideological leader of "S." became V.G.Belinsky (the official editor was A.V. Nikitenko), A.I. Herzen collaborated in the magazine ("Magpie-thief", "Notes of Doctor Krupov", "Letters from" Avenue Marigny ""; supplement to the magazine published his entire novel "Who is to blame?"), I.S. .V. Grigorovich ("Anton Goremyka"), VP Botkin ("Letters about Spain"), PV Annenkov ("Letters from Paris"); poems by N.A. Nekrasov, N.P. Ogarev were published; translations of novels by Georges Sand, Charles Dickens, G. Fielding and others. Belinsky's articles "A Look at Russian Literature of 1847", "Answer to the Moskvityan" "promoted revolutionary democratic ideas, realistic aesthetics, and the work of natural school writers. The death of Belinsky (1848), the emigration of Herzen (1847) were a heavy loss for "S."
During the years of political reaction 1848-1855, the journal was severely persecuted by the censors. But even during this period "S." defended the principles of the "Gogol direction". The journal published "Childhood", "Raid", "Boyhood" by Leo Tolstoy; “Three Meetings”, “Two Friends”, “Mumu”, new essays from “Notes of a Hunter” and a review by Turgenev; "Fishermen" and "The Adventures of Nakatov" by Grigorovich; "Three countries of the world" by Nekrasov and N. Stanitsky (A. Ya. Panaeva). In the "Literary collection" (supplement to the magazine) in 1849 published "Oblomov's Dream" by Goncharov. The poetry department has published poems by Nekrasov, A.N. Maikov, A.K. Tolstoy, A.A. Fet, Ya.P. Polonsky. In 1850, in the article "Russian Secondary Poets", Nekrasov reprinted the poems of FITyutchev, referring the author to the true poetic talents. In the department "Literary jumble" in 1854, the reader first met with the works of Kozma Prutkov. The journal published scientific works of T.N. Granovsky, D.M.Perevoshchikov, S.M. Soloviev, translations from C. Dickens, W. Teckeray and others. The critical-bibliographic department underwent the greatest changes at that time. Along with articles and reviews by Nekrasov, satirical articles and reviews of journalism by II Panaev in "S." A.V. Druzhinin's speeches ("Letters from a nonresident subscriber", "Ivan Chernoknizhnikov's sentimental journey through St. Petersburg dachas"), written from the standpoint of the so-called "aesthetic criticism", played a significant role. Defending their previous convictions, Nekrasov and Panaev opposed Druzhinin's opinions.
A new period in the history of "S." coincides with the social upsurge in the country, the end of the Crimean War, the peasant reform, with the general process of ousting the nobility by commoners in the liberation movement. In "S." the activities of N.G. Chernyshevsky (since 1853), N.A. Dobrolyubov (since 1856) are developing; all of their major works were published in the magazine. Since 1858, Dobrolyubov, along with Chernyshevsky and Nekrasov, became the editor of the magazine. There is an ideological demarcation within the editorial office; despite Nekrasov's attempts to keep such writers as L. Tolstoy, Turgenev, Grigorovich, they leave the magazine, frightened by the revolutionary way of thinking of the new employees, as well as by the seeming "utilitarianism" in matters of aesthetics. The departure of prominent realist writers could not but affect the artistic level of the magazine.
"WITH." leads a sharp polemic with liberal and conservative journalism, becomes a tribune for revolutionary enlighteners of the 60s. The main tone for the critical and journalistic departments of "S." set articles and reviews of Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov. The programmatic work for the journal was the work of NG Chernyshevsky "Essays on the Gogol period of Russian literature" (1855-1856).
House on Liteiny Prospekt in St. Petersburg,
where the editorial offices of Sovremennik and Otechestvennye zapiski were located.
By the end of 1858 "S." - predominantly a political magazine, although fiction and literary criticism still occupy a lot of space in it. The idea is clearly expressed that the peasantry is the main revolutionary force of society. During the preparation of the peasant reform of 1861, "S.", like other magazines, paid great attention to the discussion of the conditions for the abolition of serfdom. Criticism of the feudal-serf society, discussion of the problems of land, redemption, civil liberties, which occupied a lot of space in the magazine and a special supplement to it ("Organization of the life of landlord peasants"), were conducted from the point of view of the interests of the serf peasantry. Articles on communal land tenure characterize the utopian socialism of the commoner revolutionaries of that time and the role of Chernyshevsky as one of the founders of Russian peasant socialism. The magazine in a veiled form showed the impossibility of solving the peasant question by means of reforms from above, propagandized the revolutionary way of destroying the serf system, united revolutionary democratic leaders (M.L. Mikhailov, N.V. Shelgunov, N.A. Serno-Solovievich, N.N. and V.A. Obruchevs and others). The controversy of "S." dates back to 1859-1861. with "Kolokol", reflecting a different understanding of the tasks of Russian democracy during the upsurge of the peasant revolution. In polemics with the magazines "Time" and "Epoch" (1861-1865) "S." He sharply condemned the conservative ideas of the peaceful path of development of Russia, defended the connection between literature and the tasks of the liberation movement.
An important role in "S." played the satirical section "Whistle" (a total of 9 issues; 1859-1863), the creator and main author of which was Dobrolyubov. In satirical feuilletons, poetic parodies of "Whistle", he launched a struggle against liberalism and "pure poetry", which led the reader away from pressing social issues.
Death of Dobrolyubov in 1861, suspension of "S." in June 1862 for eight months and the arrest of Chernyshevsky were a heavy blow to the magazine. Nekrasov managed to resume the publication in January 1863, but the losses were irreparable, and "S." failed to rise to the previous height. The new edition includes, in addition to Nekrasov, M.E.Saltykov, M.A.Antonovich, G.Z.Eliseev, A.N. Pypin. Soon Saltykov, who largely disagreed with Pypin, Antonovich and Eliseev, left the editorial office (1864), and was replaced by Yu.G. Zhukovsky, who wrote eclectic articles mainly on economic topics. In 1863-1866 in "S." fictional works have been published: the novel "What to do?" stories by Saltykov, as well as poems by Nekrasov and other materials that continued the traditions of "S." pre-reform period.
In journalism and criticism, a clear ideological line was not always manifested. Along with Saltykov's cycle "Our Social Life" and his reviews, an increasing place is occupied by articles by Eliseev, who was distrustful of revolutionary forms of struggle. Claiming to be the ideological director of the magazine, Yu. Zhukovsky preached Proudhonism, proposing a peaceful solution to the labor question, and secretly polemicized with Chernyshevsky. EK Watson's speeches were distinguished by concessions to reformism (for example, "Auguste Comte and Positive Philosophy", 1865). The inconsistency of the journal's position in 1863-1866 was determined both by the composition of the staff and by serious contradictions within the editorial board. It was reflected, in particular, in the controversy of "S." with "Russian Word" on a wide range of social problems, replete with harsh judgments and mutual accusations. Yet in the difficult conditions of the decline of the revolutionary movement and the onset of the reaction "S." remained the best democratic magazine of the era. The editorial board, and above all Nekrasov, waged a courageous struggle against the censorship. The situation became especially complicated after the adoption of a new law on the press (April 1865), which abolished prior censorship. In June 1866, the magazine was closed.
A short literary encyclopedia in 9 volumes. State Scientific Publishing House "Soviet Encyclopedia", v. 6, M., 1971.
Literature:
Evgeniev-Maksimov V., "Contemporary" in the 40-50s, L., 1934;
Evgeniev-Maksimov V., "Contemporary" under Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, L., 1936;
Kozmin BP, The Sovremennik magazine is the organ of revolutionary democracy. Journalistic and journalistic activities of N.G. Chernyshevsky and N.A. Dobrolyubov, M., 1957;
Sikorsky NM, The Sovremennik magazine and the peasant reform of 1861, M., 1957;
Sikorsky N.M., "Contemporary" - the journal of revolutionary democracy of the 60s, M., 1962;
Essays on the history of Russian journalism and criticism, vol. 2, L., 1965;
The history of Russian journalism in the 18th-19th centuries. Edited by A.V. Zapadov, 2nd ed., M., 1966;
Bograd V., Journal "Contemporary", 1847-1866. Index of contents, M.-L., 1959.
Read on:
Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich (1818-1883)
Sollogub Vladimir Alexandrovich(1813 - 1882), Count.
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich(1828-1910) writer
Nekrasov Nikolay Alekseevich(1821-1878), poet.
Grigorovich Dmitry Vasilievich(1822 - 1899), prose writer, translator.
Panaev Ivan Ivanovich(1812-1862), Russian writer.
The namesake of "Contemporary":
"Contemporary"- Russian magazine, published in St. Petersburg in 1836-1846
"Contemporary"- Russian monthly magazine in St. Petersburg in 1911-1915.
"Contemporary"- Soviet publishing house in Moscow since 1970
journalism profession creative contemporary
Sovremennik is a literary and socio-political magazine published in St. Petersburg in 1836-1866; until 1843 - 4 times a year, then - monthly. He published poetry, prose, critical, historical, ethnographic and other materials. The founder of Sovremennik is A. Pushkin, who attracted N. V. Gogol, P. A. Vyazemsky, V. F. Odoevsky and others to participate in the journal. After the death of Pushkin, the magazine fell into decay, and P. A. Pletnev, who had been publishing it since 1838, in 1847 handed over Sovremennik to N. A. Nekrasov and I. I. Panaev.
Nekrasov attracted to Sovremennik I. S. Turgenev, I. A. Goncharov, A. I. Herzen, N. P. Ogarev; published translations of the works of C. Dickens, J. Sand and other Western European writers. In 1847-1848 the official editor was A.V. Nikitenko, the ideological leader V.G.Belinsky, whose articles determined the journal's program: criticism of modern reality, propaganda of revolutionary democratic ideas, the struggle for realistic art. The circulation of Sovremennik in 1848 was 3,100 copies. Herzen's emigration (1847), especially the death of Belinsky (1848), political reaction and censorship persecution, which intensified after 1848, complicated the work of the editorial board. But even during this period (1848-1855) Sovremennik defended the principles of a realistic trend in literature, published works by L. N, Tolstoy, Turgenev, Nekrasov, scientific articles by T. N. Granovsky, S. M. Soloviev. The most striking years in the history of Sovremennik were 1854-1862; The journal was headed by N. G. Chernyshevsky (since 1853) and N. A. Dobrolyubov (since 1856); all of their major works were included in the magazine. From the end of 1858, Sovremennik waged a sharp polemic with liberal and conservative journalism, and became the tribune and ideological center of revolutionary democracy. During these years Sovremennik was primarily a political magazine. In 1861 it published materials on the discussion of the conditions for the abolition of serfdom from the point of view of the interests of the serf peasantry; the magazine promoted a revolutionary way of destroying the serf system. The polemic between Sovremennik and Kolokol, the first Russian revolutionary newspaper published by A.I. Herzen and N.P. - in Geneva) in Russian and French. Circulation "K." reached 2500 copies. At the first stage, the K. program contained democratic demands: the liberation of the peasants with land, the abolition of censorship and corporal punishment. It was based on the theory of Russian peasant socialism developed by Herzen. At the same time, in 1858-61 in K. liberal illusions were manifested. In addition to articles by Herzen and Ogarev, "K." posted a variety of materials about the state of the people, social struggle in Russia, information about abuses and secret plans of the authorities. During the revolutionary situation of 1859-61, the amount of information from Russia increased significantly and reached several hundred correspondences a month. reflecting a different understanding of the tasks of Russian democracy during the upsurge of the peasant revolution. Its revolutionary orientation led to a political demarcation in the editorial office: the liberal-minded Tolstoy, Turgenev, and D. V. Grigorovich left it. In 1861 the circulation of the magazine reached 7126 copies. In 1859 in Sovremennik Dobrolyubov founded the satirical section "Whistle" the satirical section of the journal "Sovremennik" . In 1859-1863, a total of 9 issues were published. The creator and main author of "S." was N. A. Dobrolyubov (see his Collected Works, vol. 7, 1963). In "S." collaborated N.A.Nekrasov, N.G. Chernyshevsky, M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin, parodies of Kozma Prutkov were printed (See Kozma Prutkov) . In accordance with the literary and political program of Sovremennik, S. denounced obscurantists and serf-owners, ridiculed the "progressives" - liberals, castigated "pure art". Among the satirical genres "S." poetic parody and literary feuilleton prevailed .. Death of Dobrolyubov (1861), suspension of publication of Sovremennik in June 1862 at 8 month, the arrest of Chernyshevsky (1862) caused irreparable damage to the magazine, the ideological line of which became less clear and consistent, which was reflected in the polemic with the "Russian Word". At the beginning of 1863, Nekrasov was able to resume the publication. The new edition, in addition to Nekrasov, included M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (until 1864), M. A. Antonovich, G. Z. Eliseev, A. N. Pypin. The contradictions within the editorial board led to a decrease in the ideological content of Sovremennik, but in the face of the ensuing reaction, it remained the best of the democratic journals. In 1863-1866 it published the novel What Is to Be Done? Written by Chernyshevsky in the Peter and Paul Fortress, realistic works of Saltykov-Shchedrin, V. A. Sleptsov, F. M. Reshetnikov, G. I. Uspensky and others. closed. The continuation of the Sovremennik business was Otechestvennye Zapiski, a Russian literary and socio-political monthly magazine published in St. Petersburg in 1868--84 by N.A.Nekrasov, M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin, G.Z. N.K. Mikhailovsky joined the editorial board in 1877). The authors were (apart from the editors themselves) A. N. Ostrovsky, G. I. Uspensky, V. M. Garshin, D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak, S. Ya. Nadson and others. Pisarev, then - AM Skabichevsky, Mikhailovsky. The program "Otechestvennye zapiski" reflected the search for Russian revolutionary thought in the 70s and early 80s. 19th century: a smaller part of the employees (Saltykov-Shchedrin, Nekrasov, etc.), seeing the growth of capitalism in Russia, were skeptical about the hopes for the peasant community as the basis of the socialist system; the majority, however, considered capitalism an inorganic phenomenon for Russia, which could be opposed by the revolutionary intelligentsia and the "foundations" of the community (most of the "community members" subsequently abandoned the ideas of the revolutionary struggle). Literary criticism of Otechestvennye zapiski actively defended the work of populist writers. The magazine waged an energetic struggle against reactionary journalism (especially with the "Russian Bulletin", expressed sympathy for the revolutionary underground, being essentially its legal organ. Having gained fame as the best democratic publication of its time, "Okhotniche Zapiski" were persecuted by the tsarist government and were closed. and Saltykov-Shchedrin.
"Contemporary" - Russian monthly "journal of literature, politics, science, history, art and public life." It was published in St. Petersburg in 1911-1915. The official editor is P.V. Bykov, from No. 5 for 1914 - V.E. Trutovsky. Organized by A.V. Amfitheatrov with the active participation of M. Gorky, who at the end of 1911, under the influence of V. I. Lenin, refused to cooperate in a journal focused on mitigating the contradictions between various directions in the socialist movement. Just as brief (September 1912-April 1913) was the second period of Gorky's closeness to Sovremennik. The actual leadership of VM Chernov, VS Mirolyubov, and later EA Lyatsky and N. Sukhanov made of Sovremennik “... a cross between populism and Marxism ...” (VI Lenin, Poln. Sobr. Op. , v. 25, p. 153). The fictional department, according to Gorky's plan, was to gather the best literary forces; however, the instability of the political direction of the journal, the departure of Gorky and the absence of a definite aesthetic program deprived the journal of a serious literary reputation; it could not be supported by the speeches of some major writers (Gorky, M. Kotsyubinsky, E. Chirikov, Sholom Aleikhem, A. Bely, later A. Remizov, E. Zamyatin and others). In 1911-1913, Sovremennik constantly published materials on the history of Russian literature (N. Piksanov about A.S. Griboyedov, P. Bykov about M.L. Mikhailov, Yu. Steklov about A.I. Herzen and N.G. Chernyshevsky, etc.). Among the poets of "Sovremennik" are A. Blok, I. Bunin, D. Bedny, N. Klyuev, Sasha Cherny. In 1914-1915, the critical department was led by Evgeny Lundberg and S.P. Bobrov. Translated literature took a lot of space in the magazine (G. Wells, R. Tagore, B. Shaw, Esa de Queiroz, etc.).
V Editors of the Sovremennik magazine 1911-1915 a. V. Amfitheatrov (1862 - 1938)
Prose writer, publicist, poet-satirist, critic.
In 1911 Amfitheatrov founded the Sovremennik magazine and edited it for a year. This was a new attempt to create a "non-partisan" journal, which again ended in failure. M. Gorky, who at first agreed to collaborate with Sovremennik, published only a few small works in it, and then, under the influence of V. I. Lenin, who criticized the magazine for the lack of clarity in the political direction, left him. Amfitheatrov himself published in Sovremennik the novel The Sunset of the Old Age, reviews and literary feuilletons.
P.V.Bykov (1843-1930)
Renowned bibliographer and poet. 
In the literary field he appeared in stories, poems, biographical sketches and various articles in the early 60s in the "Modern Chronicle", "Son of the Fatherland", "Russian World", "Iskra", "Alarm clock" (Stepanova), "Otechestvennye Zapiski" (Dudyshkin's edition) and others, mostly anonymously.
Since 1911 - editor of Sovremennik. Bykov is the author of a huge number of large and small biographical sketches, mostly published in illustrated magazines. Their number reaches 10,000.
Conclusion
New memoirs, epistolary and documentary materials published recently clarify a lot in the history of Sovremennik.
Among these new finds is a copy of the first volume of Sovremennik stored in the State Public Library named after M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in Leningrad, which differs significantly from those copies that were widely distributed and which were only known to Pushkin's contemporaries and subsequent researchers his creativity. The found copy has the same number of pages as the others (320, including the table of contents), and the same date of censorship (March 31, 1836). But, unlike the known copies, in it, firstly, the last two sheets are laid out in a different way (pages 296-319; section "New Books"), and secondly, there is no final note to the section "New Books", which begins words: "Here are the books published during the first quarter of this year", thirdly, the table of contents contains the name of Gogol as the author of the article "On the movement of journal literature in 1834 and 1835" "), Fourthly, in the" New Books "section, asterisks indicating that the books will be subsequently considered are not for three books, but for five (in addition to the books" Political Speeches of Isocrates "and" History of Military Operations in Asia Turkey ").
The study of the discovered copy leads to the conclusion that it was the first version of the first volume of Sovremennik, which, after its approval in censorship (March 31), was replaced by the second version, according to which the entire circulation was printed.
It is quite possible that this very original copy of Sovremennik was seen back in 1916 by V.P. Krasnogorsky, the first researcher of Letters to the Publisher (caused by Gogol's article), who determined the authorship of Pushkin, but, unfortunately, Krasnogorsky did not draw the necessary conclusions from their observations.
Despite the fact that quite a lot of researchers' attention has been and is being paid to Pushkin's Sovremennik, this journal has not yet been sufficiently studied. Until now, there is no consensus on the solution of some of the most important issues related to Sovremennik (the social and literary position of the journal, methods and methods of journalistic polemics with reactionary publications, Gogol and Pushkin in Sovremennik, etc.), has not been restored in the entirety of the censorship history of Pushkin's magazine.
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Introduction
Journalism as a profession is subject to the laws of creativity. On the surface of journalistic activity, the search for information itself, the romance of such a search, is usually the most obvious and vivid. Back in 1925, the poet Vera Inber wrote "A journalist is a cross between a writer and an adventurer in the best sense of the word ... While the writer sits at his desk and writes, and the adventurer prowls around the world, the journalist prowls and writes ..." ... However, the laboriousness of a journalist's work is known: it is associated not with a simple collection of relevant information, but with its special processing. A deep comprehension of the inner meaning of events and facts is required. Between simple description events, facts and their assessment, accurate interpretation lies the work of the creative thought of the writer.
Routine (from experience) or unique, intuitive creative activity in journalism is subdivided into editorial (ensuring the ideological orientation of the publication, topics, problems, editing materials, etc.) and author's (texts, layout of newspaper pages, creation of plots, etc.). etc.). Authorship helps the reader, radio listener, viewer to form an opinion or position on the issue under discussion (publicistic type of creativity), to present a figurative picture of the world, enriching the world outlook (artistic type), to obtain scientific knowledge related to the worldview (scientific type of creativity).
The nature of the creative process (the choice of the theme of the work - the development of the theme - the literary design) is determined by the methodological culture of the journalist associated with the ability to cognize social phenomena, realize knowledge about journalism, receive empirical information and interpret it.
Fate magazine "WITH mossberry » 1836-1866 of the year
journalism profession creative contemporary
Sovremennik is a literary and socio-political magazine published in St. Petersburg in 1836-1866; until 1843 - 4 times a year, then - monthly. He published poetry, prose, critical, historical, ethnographic and other materials. The founder of Sovremennik is A. Pushkin, who attracted N. V. Gogol, P. A. Vyazemsky, V. F. Odoevsky and others to participate in the journal. After the death of Pushkin, the magazine fell into decay, and P. A. Pletnev, who had been publishing it since 1838, in 1847 handed over Sovremennik to N. A. Nekrasov and I. I. Panaev.
Nekrasov attracted to Sovremennik I. S. Turgenev, I. A. Goncharov, A. I. Herzen, N. P. Ogarev; published translations of the works of C. Dickens, J. Sand and other Western European writers. In 1847-1848 the official editor was A.V. Nikitenko, the ideological leader V.G.Belinsky, whose articles determined the journal's program: criticism of modern reality, propaganda of revolutionary democratic ideas, the struggle for realistic art. The circulation of Sovremennik in 1848 was 3,100 copies. Herzen's emigration (1847), especially the death of Belinsky (1848), political reaction and censorship persecution, which intensified after 1848, complicated the work of the editorial board. But even during this period (1848-1855) Sovremennik defended the principles of a realistic trend in literature, published works by L. N, Tolstoy, Turgenev, Nekrasov, scientific articles by T. N. Granovsky, S. M. Soloviev. The most striking years in the history of Sovremennik were 1854-1862; The journal was headed by N. G. Chernyshevsky (since 1853) and N. A. Dobrolyubov (since 1856); all of their major works were included in the magazine. From the end of 1858, Sovremennik waged a sharp polemic with liberal and conservative journalism, and became the tribune and ideological center of revolutionary democracy. During these years Sovremennik was primarily a political magazine. In 1861 it published materials on the discussion of the conditions for the abolition of serfdom from the point of view of the interests of the serf peasantry; the magazine promoted a revolutionary way of destroying the serf system. The polemic between Sovremennik and Kolokol, the first Russian revolutionary newspaper published by A.I. Herzen and N.P. - in Geneva) in Russian and French. Circulation "K." reached 2500 copies. At the first stage, the K. program contained democratic demands: the liberation of the peasants with land, the abolition of censorship and corporal punishment. It was based on the theory of Russian peasant socialism developed by Herzen. At the same time, in 1858-61 in K. liberal illusions were manifested. In addition to articles by Herzen and Ogarev, "K." posted a variety of materials about the state of the people, social struggle in Russia, information about abuses and secret plans of the authorities. During the revolutionary situation of 1859-61, the amount of information from Russia increased significantly and reached several hundred correspondences a month. , reflecting a different understanding of the tasks of Russian democracy during the upsurge of the peasant revolution. Its revolutionary orientation led to a political demarcation in the editorial office: the liberal-minded Tolstoy, Turgenev, and D. V. Grigorovich left it. In 1861 the circulation of the magazine reached 7126 copies. In 1859 in Sovremennik Dobrolyubov founded the satirical section "Whistle" the satirical section of the journal "Sovremennik" . In 1859-1863, a total of 9 issues were published. The creator and main author of "S." was N. A. Dobrolyubov (see his Collected Works, vol. 7, 1963). In "S." collaborated N.A.Nekrasov, N.G. Chernyshevsky, M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin, parodies of Kozma Prutkov were printed (See Kozma Prutkov) . In accordance with the literary and political program of Sovremennik, S. denounced obscurantists and serf-owners, ridiculed the "progressives" - liberals, castigated "pure art". Among the satirical genres "S." poetic parody and literary feuilleton prevailed. ... Death of Dobrolyubov (1861), suspension of publication of Sovremennik in June 1862 at 8 month, the arrest of Chernyshevsky (1862) caused irreparable damage to the magazine, the ideological line of which became less clear and consistent, which was reflected in the polemic with the "Russian Word". At the beginning of 1863, Nekrasov was able to resume the publication. The new edition, in addition to Nekrasov, included M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (until 1864), M. A. Antonovich, G. Z. Eliseev, A. N. Pypin. The contradictions within the editorial board led to a decrease in the ideological content of Sovremennik, but in the face of the ensuing reaction, it remained the best of the democratic journals. In 1863-1866 it published the novel What Is to Be Done? Written by Chernyshevsky in the Peter and Paul Fortress, realistic works of Saltykov-Shchedrin, V. A. Sleptsov, F. M. Reshetnikov, G. I. Uspensky and others. closed. The continuation of the Sovremennik business was Otechestvennye Zapiski, a Russian literary and socio-political monthly magazine published in St. Petersburg in 1868--84 by N.A.Nekrasov, M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin, G.Z. N.K. Mikhailovsky joined the editorial board in 1877). The authors were (apart from the editors themselves) A. N. Ostrovsky, G. I. Uspensky, V. M. Garshin, D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak, S. Ya. Nadson and others. Pisarev, then - AM Skabichevsky, Mikhailovsky. The program "Otechestvennye zapiski" reflected the search for Russian revolutionary thought in the 70s and early 80s. 19th century: a smaller part of the employees (Saltykov-Shchedrin, Nekrasov, etc.), seeing the growth of capitalism in Russia, were skeptical about the hopes for the peasant community as the basis of the socialist system; the majority, however, considered capitalism an inorganic phenomenon for Russia, which could be opposed by the revolutionary intelligentsia and the "foundations" of the community (most of the "community members" subsequently abandoned the ideas of the revolutionary struggle). Literary criticism of Otechestvennye zapiski actively defended the work of populist writers. The magazine waged an energetic struggle against reactionary journalism (especially with the "Russian Bulletin", expressed sympathy for the revolutionary underground, being essentially its legal organ. Having gained fame as the best democratic publication of its time, "Okhotniche Zapiski" were persecuted by the tsarist government and were closed. and Saltykov-Shchedrin.
« Contemporary » v the years live zni A.S. Pushkin
A.S. Pushkin (1799-1837)
He was a prominent and prominent journalist. During his lifetime, he published about fifty feuilletons, pamphlets in periodicals, and the same number remained in manuscripts.
The first appearance of Pushkin as a journalist in periodicals dates back to 1824. In May of this year, in "Son of the Fatherland" (No. 18), Pushkin's polemic note, sent from Odessa, appeared - his "Letter to the publisher of" Son of the Fatherland ". With this note, Pushkin began his fight against the reactionary press, opposing Kachenovsky's journal Vestnik Evropy and his leading critic Mikhail Dmitriev. Pushkin's journal Sovremennik lasted only one year, 1836. All four parts promised to subscribers were released. The fifth volume, or the first part of the following year, 1837, came out after the death of the editor-publisher of the magazine.
Can suppose what big part literary material of this fifth volumes was prepared more by ourselves Pushkin. date censored permissions on the this tome that same, what and on the fourth, released at life poet: 11 November 1836 of the year.
Book lovers, collecting "Lifetime Pushkinian ", always put near on the shelf kits "Contemporary" 1836 and 1837 years. Pushkin for a long time attracted thought about edition own printed periodic organ, which the appeared would independent tribune for him and his literary associates. Such tribune became is necessary in view of termination v 1831 year "Literary newspapers " Delvig and aggravated polemics With Bulgarin "North bee ". Pushkin thought what already one fact appearances such printed organ will deprive Bulgarin and Buckwheat that monopolies, which they enjoyed how publishers "North bees ", the only one v those the years private newspapers. Besides Togo, Pushkin hoped what edition his magazine or newspapers maybe create him solid material base, what for him v then time It was extremely important. Summer 1831 of the year Pushkin started troubles O permission to publish political and literary newspaper. V