Preventive measures to reduce dust levels. Therapeutic and preventive measures. Clinical examination of workers at enterprises at risk of occupational respiratory diseases

Industrial dust is one of the most common occupational hazards, which can cause dust diseases, which rank first among occupational diseases. The formation of dust and its release into the air of the working area occurs in many industries:

• · in mining and coal industry-- when drilling rock, blasting, sorting, crushing;
• · in mechanical engineering - during cleaning, cutting off castings, grinding, polishing products; metallurgy and chemistry - when performing pyrometallurgical processes of smelting metals and smelting various mineral materials;
• · at textile enterprises - during cleaning and sorting wool, cotton, spinning, weaving, etc.

Industrial dust is finely divided solid particles that are suspended in the air of working premises, i.e. in the form of an aerosol.

Dust is classified according to its origin: organic (plant, animal, artificial), inorganic (metallic, mineral), mixed.

In construction, industrial dust is formed as a result of crushing stone, drilling, sandblasting, explosions of earth masses, dismantling old buildings, unloading bulk materials, etc. A large amount of dust is generated at construction sites due to the presence of bad roads, lack of watering them with water in the hot summer, and the preparation of paints and solutions for painting and plastering work from dry mixtures.

Under the influence of dust, both specific and nonspecific diseases can develop. A specific pathology manifests itself in the form of pneumoconiosis - fibrosis of lung tissue. Pneumoconiosis is classified as follows:

• · silicosis is a characteristic form of pneumoconiosis that occurs under the influence of free silicon dioxide dust;
• · silicatosis - pneumoconiosis that occurs when inhaling dust from silicic acid salts (the most common type of silicatosis is asbestosis, cementosis, talcosis, etc.);
• · metalloconiosis (berylliosis, etc.), carboconiosis (anithracosis, etc.);
• · pneumoconiosis from mixed dust, from organic dust (byssiniosis, etc.).

The most dangerous disease is silicosis. It can develop in workers in the mining, coal, engineering industries, etc. With silicosis, severe sclerotic changes are observed in the respiratory organs with simultaneous significant disturbances in the nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, and lymphatic systems.

Dust of toxic substances lead, chromium, beryllium, etc., enters the human body through the lungs.

The decisive influence on the degree of damage to the human body by harmful chemicals and dust is their concentration in the air of the working area and the duration of exposure.

For toxic effect harmful substances Other harmful and dangerous production factors also influence. For example, increased temperature and humidity, as well as strong muscle tension, in most cases increase the body's sensitivity to the toxic effects of a harmful substance.

Measures to limit the adverse effects of dust at work must be comprehensive and include technological, sanitary, medical, preventive and organizational measures.

Technical measures to combat dust are varied and depend on the properties of the dust, the nature of the technological process and the type of equipment.

Eliminating dust formation in workplaces by changing production technology is the main way to prevent dust diseases. Thus, the use of injection molding in foundries made it possible to eliminate work with molding earth, and chemical methods of cleaning castings eliminated operations associated with dust formation.

To remove dust, it is necessary to use mechanical local exhaust ventilation (casings, fume hoods, and in some cases side suction). The main hygienic requirements for local exhaust ventilation are complete coverage of the dust generation site and compliance with sufficient air velocities in the working sections and leaks of the casings (depending on the type of dust - at least 0.7-1.5 m/s). The air must be cleared of dust before being released into the atmosphere.

The complex of sanitary facilities should include rooms for storing and recharging respirators, and for cleaning dust from work clothes.

Therapeutic and preventive measures include the organization and conduct of preliminary and periodic medical examinations, the use of inhalers for the prevention and treatment of the upper respiratory tract (alkaline inhalations), fotariums for ultraviolet irradiation. Dust respirators can be recommended as personal protective equipment. At certain types work (sandblasting work), it is recommended to use helmets or suits with clean air supplied to the worker’s breathing zone.

During construction, materials are used that have toxic properties and emit harmful gases. Thus, you need to know their properties and the negative consequences they cause. Some construction works associated with substances that are toxic to humans. Their exposure can lead to silicosis and acute chronic poisoning. Sanitary standards establish maximum concentrations of hazardous substances within the work area. They are one-time and during the eight-hour working day and the entire period of work they cannot cause illness or deterioration in the health of workers.

Based on the level of impact on the body, there are four classes of harmful substances, which are arranged here as the danger to humans increases:

• 1 -- low-hazard;
• 2 -- moderately dangerous;
• 3 -- highly dangerous;
• 4 - too dangerous.

Substances of classes 3 and 4 are most widely used at construction sites: benzene, acetone, ammonia and other solvents used for painting work. It is worth noting that different types of work lead to specific diseases that are unique to this profession. Prevention of harmful health consequences is achieved by implementing a set of technical and organizational measures aimed at improving the working environment.

→ Dust removal of roads

Measures to reduce air dust

The state of the air environment in the work area, meeting the requirements of the standards, is ensured by performing a set of technological, construction and sanitary measures. Such measures include: the maximum possible sealing and covering of dust-generating areas, moistening of crushed materials; aspiration and ventilation device.

Measures that prevent or significantly reduce dust emissions must be provided during the design period manufacturing enterprises. After installation and commissioning of the facility, they are difficult to implement and often impossible.

Drilling operations are an abundant source of dust. In Bulgaria, the United Scientific Research Institute of Occupational Health and Safety developed a dry type dust collector, model PS-2, intended for the BMK-4M drilling machine used in drilling wells in road construction. This dust collector guarantees to capture dust from the hole while drilling it with an efficiency of 95-98%. It works according to a three-stage air purification scheme from dust. The first stage serves to retain the largest particles at the beginning of the hole. The second stage consists of dust concentrators, and the third is a dense filter for capturing fine dust. The dust collector is lightweight and easy to manufacture. The compressed air consumption is only 0.5-0.6 m3/s.

On large industrial enterprises for production construction-new myatrpiyppp yanyappgipnny installations are named in our country.

Rice. 1. Area (shaded) of rational use of various types of dust collectors

All of them, as a rule, include a unit for suction of drilling products (umbrella, aspiration shelter) from the wellhead, dust collecting devices, air ducts and draft stimulators. In this case, dust collection occurs in several stages: sedimentation of drilling fines and large dust fractions, collection of medium and small dust fractions, air purification from fine dust. The individual stages of dust collection systems are selected in accordance with the area of ​​rational use of dust collectors and the design features of the machines. Most often, fabric filters are used as the last stage of cleaning, less often - hydroprecipitators, foam devices or combinations thereof.

Rice. 2. Installation diagram for preparing an air-water mixture on mechanical drilling machines:
1 - water container; 2 - pump; 3 - pipeline; 4 - machine swivel; 5 - drill rod; 6 - fan

However, the main way to combat dust during the operation of drilling rigs is dust suppression directly in the well with water. On mechanical drilling rigs, the use of water for dust suppression makes it possible to bind dust particles into dust-water aerosols of such sizes that, at the exit from the well, under the influence of gravity, settle at its mouth.

The use of an air-water mixture in almost all cases provides effective dust suppression and maximum permissible concentrations of dust in the cabin and in the machine operating area. However, the use of an air-water mixture sometimes leads to a decrease in drilling speed and other unfavorable factors, which is explained by the incorrect flow of water required to be supplied to the well.

To increase the efficiency of dust suppression, increase the drilling speed and durability of the drilling tool, as well as prevent erosion of the mouth or the entire well, various chemicals are added to the water.

Dust control during massive explosions can be carried out in various ways. These include: organizational measures - explosion during hours of maximum wind activity; technological - the use of air gaps in the well, blasting high benches, blasting into unremoved rock mass, using foam, artificial ventilation. The most common methods include hydrodust removal: water plugging of a well, irrigation of a dust and gas cloud, hydromine blasting and preliminary irrigation of areas.

There are two types of water plugging of a well: external and internal. The internal water stop is formed using polyethylene sleeves filled with water. The efficiency of dust suppression is: 50.4% with a water consumption of 0.46 l/m3 when exploding a borehole charge of 450-620 kg, 84.7% with a specific water consumption of 0.79 l/m3 when exploding a borehole charge of 126-294 kg .

The external water stop can be made in the form of polyethylene containers with water, placed at the wellhead or along a number of wells. Additional explosive charges are placed under the containers. The water consumption for the external water stop is taken at the rate of 1.0-1.3 l/m3 of the blast mass. The efficiency of this method is 53% with a water consumption of 1.39 l/m3 and a charge of 126-294 kg.

Irrigation of a dust and gas cloud can be carried out using water drops supplied from helicopters. This method is promising for small-volume explosions.

A noticeable reduction in dust can be achieved using artificial sedimentation. The implementation of this method is possible only if there is cloudiness in the area of ​​the explosion.

Irrigation of a dust and gas cloud is also possible with water or water-air jets created by fan units such as NK-12KV or PVU-6, as well as powerful sprinklers. The disadvantage of this method is the impossibility of the jet capturing the entire cloud along its height.

It is also recommended to reduce the concentration of dust in the dust and gas cloud leaving the quarry using water curtains along the path of its movement, created using powerful sprinklers or sprinkler fans.

Dust suppression during massive explosions is possible using air-mechanical foam. Foam filling is carried out by an installation located on a TM3-803A trailer, which consists of a rotating platform, a boom with second and third retractable stages, a final stage with foam generators and winches. The diameter of the irrigation zone is 45-50 m. The foam is poured into an explosive block after loading the explosive wells and installing an explosive network using detonating cords in a DSh-E polyvinyl chloride sheath. Foam is formed in the foam concentrate PO-1. The thickness of the foam layer on the horizontal surface of the ledges is from 1 to 1.5 m, and on the slopes of the ledges - 0.3-0.6 m. Its consumption is from 0.06 to 0.16 m3/m3 of the blasted rock mass. When using air-mechanical foam, the average dust emission efficiency 2.5 minutes after the explosion is 62%, and after 30 minutes – 70%.

Rice. 3. Design of the water stop of the well:
a - external; b - internal; 1 - explosive charge; 2- detonating cord; 3 - action cartridge; 4 - compensator; 5 - stope; 6 - additional explosive charge; 7 - detonating cord fuses

Currently, excavation and loading of the blasted mass is mainly carried out using single-bucket excavators. Dust emission during the operation of single-bucket excavators occurs cyclically during scooping, carrying and unloading of the bucket. At the same time, the dust content of the atmosphere depends on the type and strength of rocks, the fractional composition and humidity of the rock mass, the parameters and productivity of excavators, climatic and meteorological conditions and can reach 100 mg/m3 or more: Particularly high dust content in the air is observed during periods of negative temperatures due to the lack of measures to reduce dust emissions, the frequent dumping of frozen peaks of rock in the upper part of the face and greater wind activity than in summer.

Reducing dust emission during excavation of rock mass can be achieved by settling floating dust in dust emission centers by pre-moistening the mined rock.

The All-Union Research Institute of Occupational Safety in the Mining Industry (VNIIBTG) has developed an irrigation system that provides for the creation of a continuous torch of dispersed water around the ladle. With a water consumption of 12-25 l/min for dust suppression, the dust content of the air in the excavator driver's cabin is reduced by 1.5-2 times. To obtain an air-water curtain covering the ladle loading and unloading zone, you can use the TE-1m installation with a Venturi pipe and an STD-5 fan. When water is supplied to the Venturi pipe in an amount of 4.2 l/min, the dust content of the air in the excavator cabin decreases from 6-9 to 2.0-2.3 mg/m3, and at its working site - from 8-10 to 2-3 mg/m3. At the same time, the efficiency of deposition of floating dust by dispersed water largely depends on the properties of the latter, wind speed and direction. In addition, this method of dust pressure is limited only to positive air temperatures.

However, the most widespread are watering installations mounted on heavy-duty vehicles of the KrAZ-256, BelAZ-540, MAZ-525 types, which have a water tank, a pump, a hydraulic monitor and a pipeline system. As an irrigation device, a DDN-45 device is used, which has a pump that creates a pressure of 5-10s Pa with a liquid flow rate of 120 m3/h and operates from the power take-off box of a BelAZ-540 dump truck.

Rice. 4. Scheme of dust irrigation during excavator operation:
1 - pump; 2- water container; 3- water conduit; flexible sleeve; 5- sprinkler

In the absence of special machines for irrigating the rock mass, the DE-16 hydroseeder, produced by road machine factories, can also be used.

Fighting dust on quarry roads requires increased consumption rates and the frequency of bottling of dust-removing materials.

To remove dust from quarry roads with crushed stone surfaces at positive air temperatures, water is often used. To keep roads wet, they can also be treated with hygroscopic salts, which are also antifreezes. At high (above 40%) relative air humidity, it is advisable to sprinkle roads with salts, after moistening them with water.

In hot and dry climates, as well as moderate and warm climates with little precipitation, good results in preventing dust emissions from quarry roads were obtained by treating them with LST. The best results when removing dust from quarry roads are obtained by using bitumen, tar, fuel oil, resins, and oil. However, their scarcity, the possibility of releasing harmful components, fire hazard, complexity of preparation and processing technology, and relatively high cost do not allow us to recommend them for wide industrial use.

To prevent dust emission when vehicles move along quarry roads, we can recommend Universin-L, Universin-V, Niogrin, Niogrin-3 (winter), Severin-2, Universan-S (northern), which were developed by the Research Institute of Open-pit Mining (NIIOGR) and the Ufa Petroleum Institute (UNI, Ufa). They are also used as a preventative against sticking and freezing of transported materials to the surfaces of vehicles. These substances are produced by the Novo-Ufa and Ufa oil refineries.

The advantage of some preventive substances developed by NIIOGR and UNI is that they, along with salt antifreezes, can be used to prevent dust emission from quarry roads at subzero air temperatures.

Widespread use of dust removal materials can be achieved with watering machines specially designed for this purpose. Moreover, it has been established that road treatment should be carried out

It is better through nozzles under a pressure of 0.3-0.5 MPa than by gravity through slotted nozzles. In quarries, watering machines mounted on the basis of BelAZ, MAZ, ZIL vehicles are used.

A self-propelled watering unit (SPA) based on the BelAZ-540, designed for cleaning road surfaces from snow and spilled rock mass, loosening the top wear layer of road pavement, pouring dust-removing materials, can also be used for irrigating blasted blocks and extinguishing fires. The unit has a system for distributing liquid materials over the surface, a ripper, a hydraulic monitor, a blade and additional equipment.

Removal of contaminants from the surface of vehicles is carried out by the jet action of washing liquids using mobile or stationary washing units.

Improving the state of atmospheric air at asphalt plants can be achieved by increasing the efficiency of dust collection units and the widespread introduction of new technologies to reduce dust emissions into the atmosphere.

The most widely used dust collection systems at asphalt plants, in which dust is deposited under the influence of inertial forces, are cyclones. In a cyclone, which is a cylindrical or conical pipe, the cleaned air is put into rotational motion, as a result of which, under the influence of centrifugal force, dust particles are thrown towards the walls of the pipe and, sliding along them, fall into the hopper. The purified air exits into the atmosphere through the exhaust pipe.

Higher efficiency of dust collection is achieved in wet cleaning devices, when dust particles from air flows are deposited when flowing around wetted surfaces.

Dust removal systems for asphalt concrete plants are designed to clean the exhaust gases from the drying drum from dust, utilize and feed the dust into the mixing unit for subsequent dosing as aggregate. ABZ dust separation units usually have two stages of dry cleaning. The first stage of cleaning of the DS-117-2E installation consists of a smoke exhauster-dust collector DP-10 with a cyclone-regulator TsN-15u, the second - of four cyclones SCN-40. The three-stage dust purification system for exhaust gases of the DS-117-2K installation includes: a preliminary purification stage (I stage) in the form of a direct-flow axial cyclone with a diameter of 600 mm; four SCN-40 cyclones operating with a DP-10 smoke exhauster (II stage); “wet” slot dust collector (III stage). After wet cleaning, a droplet eliminator is installed. In addition, the water supply system for the wet slot dust collector has been improved, consisting of a pulp sump, a pumping unit with a float and a flexible hose.

Rice. 5. Schematic diagram of a dust cleaning installation for asphalt concrete mixers:
1 - firebox; 2 - drying drum; 3- gas duct; fan; 5 - Venturi pipe; 6 - cyclone-droplet eliminator; 7 - sludge settling tank; 8 - circulation pump; 9 - water supply pipeline; Yu - group of cyclones NIIOGaz TsN-15

The DS-84-2 installation uses three cleaning stages: the first consists of two TsN-24 cyclones, the second – of three SCN-40 cyclones, the third – “wet” cleaning – from a bubbling-vortex dust collector.

To purify emissions from the most common asphalt concrete mixers in our country with a capacity of 2S t/h, the Ukrniinzhproekt Institute has developed a dust treatment plant with a Venturi scrubber, which was first used at domestic asphalt concrete plants. The dusty gases sucked from the drying drum are first sent to cyclones for cleaning, and then sent to a Venturi scrubber, consisting of a Venturi tube and a cyclone with a water film. Irrigating liquid is supplied to the Venturi tube through a distribution device. As a result of the high relative speed of movement of gas and water, dust is captured by water droplets, which are deposited in a cyclone with a water film. The purified gases are released into the atmosphere, and the contaminated water enters a two-section sludge settling tank, from where it is again supplied by a pump to flush the waste gas. Thus, the installation uses a closed water supply cycle for dust collectors, which minimizes water losses.

As surveys of domestic asphalt concrete plants have shown, the dust collectors used at them, due to their low productivity and poor operational reliability, do not allow achieving the required effect.

The most effective dust collection devices are bag (fabric) and electric filters.

In our country, bag fabric filters are widely used in various industries. Manufacturers produce filters of 17 brands, differing in purpose and technical data, and 11 of them have a standard size1). new rows. For gas filtration, along with woolen materials, materials made from polyester (lavsan, terelen’ dokran), polyacrylonitrile (nitron, orlon) fibers and fibers of the polyamide group (oxalone, sulfone) are widely used. The latter type of fiber has heat resistance at a temperature of 250-280 “C.

Particularly great success has been achieved in recent years in the electrical purification of industrial emissions. In our country, 13 brands of electric precipitators are produced, and 9 of them have from 2 to 33 standard sizes, which can also be used in the road industry.

Promising methods for dust and gas purification at asphalt and cement concrete plants include adsorption, thermal and catalytic methods, which can be recommended for the road industry after special research taking into account economic and environmental indicators.

To reduce dust formation and spills when transporting material on belt conveyors, the following is provided: a minimum transfer height; a device that limits the release of a mass of material onto the belt in places where it is overloaded; inclination of the flow in the direction of movement of the belt; shock-absorbing devices that prevent rapid wear of the belts by falling material; device for cleaning idle branches of belts and end drums; the width of the conveyor belts is at least 200 mm greater than the width required for the maximum design capacity of the conveyor.

Rice. 6. Fabric filters:
a – bag filter with reverse blowing stream; b - bag filter with mechanical shaking of bags type FV (MFCH); c - bag filter with reverse blowing; 1 - frame with purge rings; 2- sleeve; 3 - motor with fan; 4 - shaking mechanism; 5 - body; 6 - auger; 7 – sluice gate; 8 - solenoid valve; 9 - compressed air pipe; 10 - nozzle; 11 - automatic control device; 12 - jet of compressed air; 13 - frame; 14 - bunker

Equipment used at the asphalt plant, pulp and paper plant, and condensate plant, the operation of which is accompanied by the emission of dust (screens, crushers, bunkers, places for transferring mineral materials, etc.), must be equipped with hermetically sealed aspiration covers.

In many installations, when preparing road building materials (crushed stone, gravel), dust with a size of less than 5 microns is formed, which cannot be eliminated even with various hydraulic sprayers. This problem is solved in many countries by installing continuous sealing using lightweight rubber sheets. An experimental total containment system was installed several years ago at a crushed stone processing plant in Sweden, which reduced the dust content in the workplace from 20 to 0.5 mg/m. This was the impetus for mass production of such equipment. In addition to flexible rubber fabric, inexpensive fabric with a polyethylene layer is also used.

However, in our country, the predominant method of dust removal during crushing, screening, unloading and reloading conveyors remains the hydraulic method. The material is moistened on conveyor belts by perforating pipes and nozzles with a nozzle diameter of at least 2 mm. To avoid water getting on the conveyor belt, the width of the sprayed water torch should not exceed the width of the material on the belt.

When stopping the equipment, the water supply must be suspended. Irrigation is turned on and off using special automatic mechanical devices GShP-2, AOLK-2, OPU-1, as well as electromagnetic valves VEG-G, VEG-2, VEG-3 with a water supply network diameter of up to 40 mm.

When working in a heavily dusty atmosphere, when there is no equipment and no measures are taken to reduce dust formation, personal protective equipment (PPE) is used. Their use should be considered as a forced preventive measure.

Respirators used for respiratory protection are divided into two types according to their design: cartridge respirators, consisting of a front part and a filter element (F-62Sh, Astra-2, etc.), and respirators (filter masks), which have a filter element. the element also serves as the front part (U-2k, RP-K, ShchB-1 “Petal”). The most widely used respirators are currently the ShB-1 “Lepestok” type. The shelf life of these respirators depends on the dust concentration:

The guaranteed shelf life from the date of their manufacture is: ShB-1 “Lepestok-200” – 4 years, ShB-1 “Lepestok-40” – 2 years, ShB-1 “Lepestok-5” – 2 years.

Rice. 7. Scheme for dust-free preparation of bitumen-mineral mixtures Vi-Bau:
1- feeder-dispenser for sand and crushed stone; 2 – collection conveyor; 3 – roar; 4 – belt conveyor; 5 – intermediate bunker; 6 – tank for additives; 7 – crushed stone and sand dispenser; 8 – additive dispenser; 9 – bitumen dispenser; 10 – system for regulating the supply of additives; I - paddle mixer; 12 – feeders; 13 – smoke exhaust fan; 14 – drum-activator; “ ~ skip hoist; 16 – storage hopper; 17 – warehouse

Reducing the formation and release of dust into the atmosphere at asphalt concrete plants can be achieved by using various technological methods.

The well-known method of Wie-Bau (Germany) for dust-free preparation of bitumen-mineral mixtures allows not only to reduce pollution environment, but also to prepare an intermediate product (semi-finished product) for long-term storage. The process of preparing the bitumen-mineral mixture is as follows. First, the mineral components are mixed with an aqueous solution of additives, and then with bitumen, obtaining an intermediate product. After activation, which took place without emission of dust, this product was turned into a finished mixture in an activator drying drum. The intermediate product can be transported cold and stored for a long time. With this method, dust is not separated from the stone materials.

In domestic practice, cold and warm asphalt concretes, wet organic-mineral mixtures (MOMS) are used; for the preparation of asphalt concrete and bitumen-mineral mixtures, dispersed and foamed bitumens, bitumen emulsions, various surfactants, activators and additives (such as oligomers) are used, which can not only reduce dust emissions , but also to reduce the cost of fuel and energy resources at the asphalt plant.

Thus, the dust-free technology for preparing VOMS, proposed by NPO Rosdornii and widely used in Russia, made it possible to abandon the use of dust collection units at asphalt plants, eliminate the cost of drying the material and, in this regard, save about 2.25 kWh of electricity and 5 kg of standard fuel for 1 t of prepared mixture,

1947 0

Measures to reduce the level of occupational respiratory diseases include, firstly, social measures (improving the socio-economic situation of workers: decent pay for work, creating good living conditions, living conditions, recreation, medical care); secondly, improving worker health protection; thirdly, increasing the social responsibility of employers for the life and health of employees of the enterprise entrusted to them; fourthly, improving the organization of primary health care and specialized occupational pathological care.

When working we use: respirators, special helmets, spacesuits with a supply of clean air. This necessary condition for workers in the mining, ceramics, construction, aviation, electrical, machine and shipbuilding industries. This is especially true for grinders, sandblasters, emery workers, electric welders, and miners.

In order to prevent pneumoconiosis, dust-producing vacuum cleaners are sealed, volumetric dust collection, local dust collection, respiratory protection is carried out using respirators, special helmets, spacesuits with a supply of clean air.

Semi-dry and wet technological methods for the extraction and processing of materials, and robotization of production are being introduced. When hiring, the medical commission conducts a thorough professional selection.

General health activities include: maximum reduction of dust content in the air of the working area; systematic, periodic medical examinations and chest x-rays; provision of therapeutic and preventive nutrition; conducting an examination of the connection between the emerging disease and the profession; transfer of a sick employee to a production site that does not have harmful factors; if the employee has a cough or shortness of breath, conduct active treatment; conducting investigations and recording cases of occupational diseases; spa treatment.

Clinical examination of workers at enterprises at risk of occupational respiratory diseases

Clinical examination provides for dynamic monitoring of the health of workers, the organization of medical, sanitary and specialized occupational pathological care, timely detection and qualified treatment of sick people.

Purpose of medical examination- prevention of complications, the risk of transition of the disease from the initial stage to a more severe one, prevention of disability of workers.

There is social, sanitary, chemoprophylaxis and specific prevention.

Social prevention involves the creation good conditions life, work, everyday life, improving the socio-economic situation of the working population, improving health care, increasing the social responsibility of employers.

Sanitary prevention is carried out through the creation of safe working conditions for health, early detection and treatment of patients, prevention of complications, improvement of the organization of primary health care and specialized occupational pathological care in enterprises and organizations.

In case of complications of pneumoconiosis, in the form of the development of tuberculosis, sanitary prevention is carried out through the improvement of foci of tuberculosis infection at the patient’s place of residence, early detection and treatment of patients, and prevention of the spread of tuberculosis infection.

Specific prevention includes vaccination, revaccination. In order to reduce the frequency and severity of infectious exacerbations of chronic lung diseases, the use of polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines is recommended.

Chemoprophylaxis indicated for children who are in contact with tuberculosis patients, and to prevent relapses in patients. General health measures include, in addition to maximizing the reduction of dust in the air, systematic examinations and chest x-rays.

If the disease begins, the employee is immediately transferred to another area of ​​work; if there is a cough or shortness of breath, active treatment is carried out, and workers in dispensaries, sanatoriums, and rest homes are also treated to improve their health. Spa treatment is widely used.

In order to increase general and local immunity workers are exposed to chest irradiation with ultraviolet rays and an ultra-high frequency electromagnetic field. To improve respiratory function and gas exchange, strengthen the respiratory muscles, breathing exercises are prescribed.

To stimulate the immune system, it is recommended to introduce lecithin (as part of egg whites), polyunsaturated fatty acids (consumption of sea fish, vegetable fats), thiamine, ascorbic acid, dairy products, fresh fruits, vegetables, berries, herbal teas into the therapeutic and preventive diet.

Kulakovskaya O. G. (2010) proposes the use of polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines to reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations of obstructive processes in the lungs.

K. S. Tristen

Sources of industrial dust:

1. splitting up
2. grinding
3. grinding
4. drilling
5. transportation

Industrial dust is substances suspended in the air, slowly settling solid particles ranging in size from several mm to fractions of mm.

Dust classification:

1. organic

1) natural origin (wood, cotton, wool)

2) artificial (rubber, resin, plastic)

1. inorganic

1) metal (Al, Zn, Fe)

2) mineral (asbestos)

1. mixed (hard coal)

Adverse effects caused by dust:

1. cause of diseases of the respiratory system, eyes, skin, allergic diseases
2. negatively affects the technological process, impairs light penetration
3. dust can explode (fire and explosion hazard)

Regulations:

1. GN 2.2.5.1313-03 MPC of harmful substances in the air of the working area
2. GN 2.2.5.1314-03 Approximate and safe levels of exposure to harmful substances in the air of the working area

Dust control measures:

1. The basis for carrying out dust control measures is hygienic standards, i.e. compliance with the maximum permissible concentrations established by the guest
2. the safety of technological processes involves eliminating the formation of dust in the workplace by changing production technology, eliminating direct contact of workers with hazardous materials, complex mechanization, automation of production, the use of remote control, the use of briquettes, granules, pastes and solutions instead of powdered products, the replacement of toxic substances with non-toxic ones, transition from solid fuel to gaseous fuel
3. sanitary measures include: limiting the entry of harmful factors into the work area, ensured by the maximum possible sealing of technological and transport equipment, humidification of dust-producing materials (if the technological process allows this) and a ventilation device
4. use of personal protective equipment. These include: anti-dust respirators, safety glasses, special anti-dust clothing.
5. therapeutic and preventive measures: preliminary medical examinations, special diets, preventive measures.

59. Harmful gases (vapors) in the air of industrial premises.

Many technological processes are accompanied by the release of harmful gaseous substances. Industrial poisons can enter the human body through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, damaged and even intact skin. When harmful substances enter the body, they can cause temporary or permanent disruption of its vital functions, have a harmful effect on tissues and can cause poisoning, diseases of the skin and mucous membranes, burns, etc.

Sources of release of toxic impurities:

1. operation of internal combustion engines (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, tetroethyl lead)

2. carrying out repair work (carbon monoxide, acetylene, acetone, epoxy resins, gasoline, various solvents).

With increasing temperature, many harmful substances easily pass from solid and liquid states into vapor and gaseous states and in this form enter the human body. Among the measures to normalize the air in the working area, the most important is compliance with the maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in it.

The maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in the air of a working area is considered to be such a concentration that, during the entire working experience of workers with a normal shift duration, cannot cause health diseases detected modern methods research in the process of work or in certain periods of life of the present and subsequent generations. (GOST 12.1.005-76 Air in the working area. General sanitary and hygienic requirements).

Maximum permissible concentrations of some harmful gases and vapors in the air of the working area

Gaseous substances

1. by the nature of the impact on the human body are divided into asphyxiating (carbon monoxide), irritating (hydrogen sulfide, chlorine), poisoning (lead, mercury), narcotic (gasoline, benzene).

2. According to the degree of impact on the body divided into 4 hazard classes:

1) extremely dangerous

2) highly hazardous substances

3) moderately dangerous

4) little dangerous

In addition to the harmful effects of gases and vapors on workers, there is a danger of explosion or ignition of the gas-vapour-air mixture in certain concentration and temperature ranges. The effect of toxic substances increases at elevated temperatures, as well as with the simultaneous action of several gases. If these are substances of unidirectional action, then the following condition must be met:

B1/MPC1 + B2/MPC2 +…+Bn/MPCn no more than 1

1. Hygienic standardization is the basis for carrying out measures to combat industrial dust.

Ø Compliance with the requirements established by GOST MPC(maximum permissible concentrations) is necessary when carrying out preventive and ongoing sanitary supervision.

Monitoring the dust level must systematically carried out by factory sanitary-chemical laboratories.

Responsibility for maintaining conditions that prevent an increase in the maximum permissible concentration of dust in the air lies with the administration of enterprises.

Basic hygienic requirements apply to

§ technological processes and equipment,

§ ventilation,

§ construction and planning solutions,

§ rational medical service to workers,

§ use of personal protective equipment.

When developing a system of health-improving activities, it is necessary to be guided by

Ø sanitary rules for organizing technological processes and hygienic requirements to production equipment ,

Ø and also industry standards for production with dust emissions at enterprises in various sectors of the national economy .

Measures to reduce dust at work and prevent pneumoconiosis must be comprehensive and include measures

§ technological,

§ sanitary and technical,

§ medical and biological

§ and organizational nature.

2. Technological activities . The main way to prevent dust lung diseases - eliminating dust formation in workplaces bychanges in production technology.

Contributes to significant relief and improvement of working conditions:

§ automation, mechanization production processes;

§ introduction of continuous technologies (eliminating manual labor);

§ remote control.

Significantly reduces the contact of workers with sources of dust emission.:

§ automatic types of welding with remote control;

§ robotic manipulators for loading, transferring, and packaging operations of bulk materials.

The use of new technologies has made it possible to eliminate operations associated with dust formation in foundries of factories:

§ injection molding,

§ electrochemical methods metal processing,

§ hydro- or electric spark cleaning.

Effective means of combating dust are:

§ use in the technological process instead of powdered products of briquettes, granules, pastes, solutions, etc.;

§ replacement of toxic substances with non-toxic ones, for example, in cutting fluids, greases, etc.;

§ transition from solid fuel to gaseous fuel;

§ widespread use of high-frequency electric heating (significantly reducing pollution of the production environment with fumes and flue gases).

3. Sanitary measures .

Sanitary measures include local shelters for dust-generating equipment with air suction from under the shelter.

Ø Local exhaust ventilation (casings, side suctions ) used in cases where, due to technological conditions, it is impossible to moisten the processed materials.

Dust must be removed directly from dust generation areas.

Before release of dusty air into the atmosphere cleared.

Ø To combat secondary dust formation they use pneumatic cleaning of premises.

Blowing away dust using compressed air and dry cleaning of premises and equipment not allowed.

4. Treatment and preventive measures . Medical monitoring of the health status of workers is very important.

It is mandatory to:

§ preliminary(upon starting a job)

§ And periodic(during work) medical examinations

(Order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated March 14, 1996 No. 90 “On the procedure for conducting preliminary and periodic medical examinations of workers and medical regulations for admission to the profession,” as amended on February 6, 2001).

Contraindications for employment involving exposure to dust are::

§ all forms of tuberculosis,

§ chronic respiratory diseases,

§ chronic diseases of the cardiovascular system, eyes and skin

3 tasks periodic inspections :

§ detection of early stages of the disease and prevention of development

pneumoconiosis,

§ determination of professional suitability

§ and carrying out the most effective treatment and preventive measures.

The timing of inspections depends on

§ type of production,

§ professions

Inspections therapist And otolaryngologist are carried out once every 12 or 24 months depending on the type of dust with mandatory chest x-ray And large-frame fluorography.

Most effectivepreventive actions, aimed at increasing the body's reactivity and resistance to dust damage to the lungs:

§ UV irradiation in fotariums(inhibiting sclerotic processes);

§ alkaline inhalations(promoting the sanitation of the upper respiratory tract);

§ breathing exercises(improving external respiration function);

§ diet(with added methionine and vitamins).